TREATMENT
1. Annealing
2. Martensite Formation in
Steel
3. Precipitation Hardening
4. Surface Hardening
5. Heat Treatment Methods
Outline
1.
Review Philosophy
a. Properties of material
b. Strengthening Mechanism of
Metals
2. Heat treatment
a. Annealing
b. Quenching
c. Tempering
d. Martempering
e. Austempering
g. Spheroidizing
f. TTT & CCT Diagram
g. Hardenability
h. Precipitation
Hardening
i. Solution Treatment3.
j. Stress Relieving
Case Study
Iron Carbon
TTT
Strength
Ductility
Hardness
(MPa)
(% elongation) Hv
1) Slow cooled (normalized)
930
15
250
2) Quenched from 760C (water) nil
25
1160
800
170
Ferrous Materials
Iron
Wrought (low % C)
Cast (high % C)
Plain Carbon
Low Alloy Steels
Alloy Steels
Annealing
1. Soften Material for Machining
2. Relieve Stresses
3. Alter Properties
4. Condition for Subsequent
work
Annealing
Process: heat alloy to Tanneal, for extended period of time
then cool slowly.
Goals: (1) relieve stresses; (2) increase ductility and
toughness; (3) produce
specific microstructure
Normalizing
1. Relieve Stress
2. Refine Grains
3. Homogenize Part
Spheroidizing
Convert carbide inclusions
to a more spherical shape
Problems of
Quick Cooling
1. Distortion (Thermal
2. Cracking
> SY)
Tricks
Marquenching
Quench to MS
Slow Cool to MF in Air
Austempering
Make Bainite Just Above MS
Slow Cool to Room Temp.
C. Rapidly cool to 600 C, hold for 4 s, rapidly cool to 450 C, hold for 10
s, then quench to room temp.
C. Rapidly cool to 600 C, hold for 4 s, rapidly cool to 450 C, hold for 10
s, then quench to room temp. 50 % Pearlite, 25 % Bainite, 25 %
Martensite.
G. Rapidly cool to 575 C, hold for 20 s, rapidly cool to 350 C, hold for
100 s, then quench to room temperature.
G. Rapidly cool to 575 C, hold for 20 s, rapidly cool to 350 C, hold for
100 s, then quench to room temperature. 100 % Fine Pearlite
H. Rapidly cool to 350 C, hold for 150 s, then quench to room temp.
H. Rapidly cool to 350 C, hold for 150 s, then quench to room temp.
50% Bainite, 50 % Martensite.
Retained
Austenite
Current
Debate
Spheroidite
(1000X)
Tempered Martensite
Effect of Alloying
on TTT Diagram
4340 Steel
CCT Diagram
Pearlite (ductile)
4. Surface Hardening
Nitriding (Steels with 0.85-1.5% Al & 5% or more
Cr,which form fine nitride compounds particles)
(thickness of 0.025-0.05mm)
Gas Nitriding heated in an ammonia atmosphere at
510C
Liguid Nitriding dipped into molten cyanide salt bath
at
510C
Carbonitriding heating in a furnace of carbon &
ammonia (thickness of 0.07-0.5mm)
Borizing on tool steels, nickel- & cobalt based alloys
and Cast iron
High hardness and Low friction
Surface Hardening
Selective Surface Hardening
Flame Hardening
Induction Heating high frequency alternating current
High Frequency Resistance Heating
Electron Beam (EB) Heating - Electron beam focused onto
a small area, resulting in rapid heat buildup
Involves localized surface hardening of steel austenitizing in
less than a second
With removal of the beam, heated area is immediately
quenched to surrounding metal
Disadvantage: For best results, it is performed in a vacuum, so
production rates are slow
Laser(Light amplification by stimulated emission of
radiation) Beam (LB) Heating - High-density beam of
coherent light focused onto a small area along a defined
path
With removal of the beam, heated area is immediately
quenched to surrounding metal
Laser beams do not require a vacuum to achieve best results