College of

Engineering

CIVE 4300/5300 Advanced

Mechanics of Materials
Doug Nims, Ph.D., P.E.

M Oct 10

CIVE 4300/5300 Fall 2016

Admin

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Engineering

Distribute Take Home Midterm Oct

10.

M Oct 10

Due Oct 17
Allows 3D stress transformations,
checks and proofs for grad students
Stop at 8 to allow you a chance to
review it.
No questions except through email
after class.
CIVE 4300/5300 Fall 2016

College of
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Chapter 5 Lecture 3
Applications of Energy Methods
CIVE 4300/5300 Advanced Mechanics of
Materials

M Oct 10

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Ch. 5 Deflections
Where are we in the big picture?

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Two fundamental questions:

How strong is it?

How stiff is it?

How strong is it?

Consider only failures caused by yield or brittle fracture

How stiff is it?

Deflections

Deformations
Energy Methods

Constitutive law (ch.3)

M Oct 10

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Strain Energy in a
Member

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N2
UN
dz Axial
2 EA
0
L

M x2
UM
dz Moment
2 EI x
0

V y2
US
dz Shear
2GA
0
L

T2
UT
dz Torsion
2GJ
0
M Oct 10

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5.4 Deflections of Statically Determinate

Structures
Strain energy in jth member
U j U N j U M j U S j UTj
With total strain energy, U, known
U
qi
Fi
So if U for the whole structure is in
terms of forces the displacements can
be found.

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5.4 Deflections of Statically Determinate

Structures

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Strain energy in jth member

U j U N j U M j U S j UTj
With total strain energy, U, known
U
qi
Fi
So carrying out the differentiation for the system yields

qi

j 1

N j N j

E A
0

Fi

dz
0

M j M j
E j I j Fi

dz

kV j V j

G j A j Fi
0

dz

T j T j

G j J j Fi
0

5.17

dz

Similarly for rotation

U
M i

j 1

N j N j

E A
0

M Oct 10

M i

dz
0

M j M j
E j I j M i

dz

kV j V j

G j A j M i
0

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dz

Tj

T j

G j J j M i
0
7

dz

5.18

5.4.2 Deflections of Statically Determinate

Structures: Dummy Load Method and Unit
Dummy Load Method

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What if there is no real load at the location where the

deflection is desired.
n
F
ji

N j
Fi

,v
F
ji

V j
Fi

,m
F
ji

M j
Fi

,t
F
ji

T j
Fi

x ji internal effect in member j due to unit load at i

N j n Fji

qi

j 1

EA

dz

M j m Fji

dz

kV j v Fji

dz

T j t Fji

dz

(5.20a )

EjI j
G j Aj
GjJ j
j j

Let' s regroup to get a bit of insight and tweak to get the right units

qi

Nj

Mj

n Fji dz

EI
j j
E j Aj
Tough spot. What units does x ji have?
j 1

M Oct 10

kV j

m Fji dz

G A
j j

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Tj

t Fji dz

v Fji dz

GJ
j j

5.4.2 Deflections of Statically Determinate

Structures: Dummy Load Method and Unit
Dummy Load Method
What units does x ji have?
n Fji

N j
Fi

, v Fji

V j
Fi

, m Fji

M j
Fi

, t Fji

T j
Fi

. in member j due to unit load at i

x ji internal effect

qi

Nj

Mj

n Fji dz

kV j

m Fji dz

v Fji dz

EI
G A
j j
j j
E j Aj
Trick question. It depends.
When Fi is a force and perforce qi is a displacement
j 1

n Fji

N j
Fi

unitless, v Fji

V j
Fi

unitless, m Fji

Tj

t Fji dz

GJ
j j

M j
Fi

L, t Fji

T j
Fi

When Fi is a moment and perforce qi is a rotation

n Fji

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N j
Fi

1 / L, v Fji

V j
Fi

1 / L, m Fji

M j
Fi

unitless, t Fji

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T j
Fi

unitless

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5.4.2 Deflections of Statically Determinate

Structures: What does it mean?

N j

m j

T j

,m
,t
Fi .
Fi
Fi
x ji internal effect in member j due to unit load at i
F
ji

Fi

,v

V j

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F
ji

qi

j 1

F
ji

F
ji

Mj

n dz

E j Aj

Real
strain
M Oct 10

Nj

F
ji

kVj

m dz

EI
j j

Real
Curvatur
e

F
ji

G A
j j

Real
strain

CIVE 4300/5300 Fall 2016

v dz

F
ji

Tj

t dz

GJ
j j

F
ji

Real
strain
10

(5.20a )

5.4 Strain Energy of a System: Another

Approach or Where Do the Units Go?

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Most civils learned virtual work initially. Here

is how it goes. Ref. Leet, Fundamentals of
Structural Analysis, 4th Edition, Ch. 10
Alternate approach : Virtual Work
W U

j 1

Nj

E A

n dz
D
ji

Mj

EjI j
j j

F fictious (virtual force) F

m dz
D
ji

kV j
G j Aj

v dz
D
ji

Tj
GjJ j

t dz
D
ji

Sj
k

f
D
ji

qi real displacement L
Nj

Mj

E j Aj E j I j

, etc real strain, curvature

L 1
, , etc
L L

n Dji , m Dji , etc effect of virtual force F, F * L, etc

dz little bit of length L
This gives
L
F*L * F * L F * L
L
M Oct 10

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Moral: If you chose

to keep track of
units (always a
good idea), you
need to
understand the
approach you are
using
n xji , m xji and the
units of
.
11

5.4 Strain Energy of a System: Another

Approach or Where Do the Units Go?

College of
Engineering

Most civils learned virtual work initially. Here

is how it goes. Ref. Leet, Fundamentals of
Structural Analysis, 4th Edition, Ch. 10
Alternate approach : Virtual Work for Displacement
W U

j 1

Nj

E A

n dz
D
ji

Mj

EjI j
j j

F fictious (virtual force) F

qi real displacement L
Nj

Mj

E j Aj E j I j

m dz
D
ji

kV j
G j Aj

, etc real strain, curvature

v dz
D
ji

Tj
GjJ j

t dz
D
ji

L 1
, , etc
L L

n Dji , m Dji , etc effect of virtual force F, F * L, etc

dz little bit of length L
This gives
L
1
F*L * F * L * F * L * L F * L
L
L
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12

Sj
k

f
D
ji

5.4 Strain Energy of a System: Another

Approach or Where Do the Units Go?

College of
Engineering

Most civils learned virtual work initially. Here

is how it goes. Ref. Leet, Fundamentals of
Structural Analysis, 4th Edition, Ch. 10
Alternate approach : Virtual Work for Rotation
W U

j 1

Nj

E A

n dz
D
ji

Mj

m dz
D
ji

kV j

EjI j
G j Aj
j j

M fictious (virtual moment) F * L

v dz
D
ji

i real rotation rads unitless

Nj
Mj
L 1
,
, etc real strain, curvature , , etc
E j Aj E j I j
L L
n Dji , m Dji , etc effect of virtual force F, F * L, etc
dz little bit of length L
This gives
L
1
F*L * F * L * F * L * L F * L
L
L
M Oct 10

CIVE 4300/5300 Fall 2016

Tj
GjJ j

t dz
D
ji

Sj
k

f
D
ji

Moral: If you chose

to keep track of
units (always a
good idea), you
need to
understand the
approach you are
using
n ?ji , m ?ji and the
units of
.
13

BS 6th Example P 5-16 5-20

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Rotation at A due to
vertical load at A (5-16).
Done
Rotation at B due to
vertical load at A (5-17)
Vertical deflection at B
due to vertical load at A
(5-18).
Horizontal deflection at A
due to vertical load at A
(DKN)

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BS 6th Example P 5-16 5-20

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Horizontal deflection at A
due to horizontal load at
A (5-19)
Rotation at A due to
horizontal load at A (520)

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15

BS 6th Example P 5-16 5-20

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Vertical deflection at A
due to vertical load at B
(DKN)

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16

BS 6th Example P 5-24

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Find, qEV, vertical deflection at E

Area BC, CD, DE = 900 mm2
Area all others = 150 mm2
Q= 5 kN, P=10 kN

Q
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17

BS 6th P 5-24 Change temp of leg DE BS 6 Fig E5-12

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Remove loads.
Reduce temperature
of member DE by
25 C. =23x10-6/C

Find horizontal and

vertical deflection of
E.

N j
M

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18

BS 6th P 5-24 Change temp of leg DE BS 6 Fig E5-12

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Note example 5-12 is

interesting for
getting rotation.
Apply M somewhere
along the member N j
M
BE then use

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19

BS 6th P 5-44
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Find qCV
Find qCH
Consider
only
bending in
ABC and
only axial
deformatio
n in DB
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20

BS 6th P 5-46

5-46 a =100 mm. Find deflection at

midspan
5-47 a = 150 mm.

Find deflection under the load.

Find rotation of the beam undr the load Q.
(Chord rotation?)

Kspring=30 kN/m
Beam

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H=b=10mm
E=83 GPa (brass)

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21

Oden Mechanics of Elastic Structures Fig

9.21

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Omnibus example.

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22

Oden Mechanics of Elastic Structures Fig

9.21

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Member AB :
M z Ps V y P M x 0

Omnibus example.

Member BC :
M z Ps V y P M x PL

Member CD :
M z P L s V y P M x PL
Let z 1.2
Form the strain energy
L
P 2 s 2 1.2 P 2
P 2 s2 1.2 P 2 P 2 L2
ds
ds
U

2
EI
2
GA
2
EI
2
GA
2
GJ
z
z

0
0
L

P 2 L s 2 1.2 P 2 P 2 L2
ds

2
EI
2
GA
2
GJ
z
0

Find deflection
L
L
Ps 2 1.2 P
Ps2 1.2 P PL2
U
ds
ds
a

P 0 EI z GA
EI z
GA GJ
0
L
P L s 2 1.2 P PL2
ds

EI z
GA GJ
0

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23

Oden Mechanics of Elastic Structures Fig

9.21

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Omnibus example.

Find deflection
L
L
Ps 2 1.2 P
Ps2 1.2 P PL2
U
ds
ds
a

P 0 EI z GA
EI
GA
GJ
z

P L s 2 1.2 P PL2

EI z
GA GJ ds
L

3PL3 3.6 PL 2 PL2

EI z
GA
GJ
Bendin
g

Shea
r

M Oct 10

Torsion
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24

College of
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1st Midterm
Background for Solving Problems
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Materials

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25

Fundamentals

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Is it strong enough?

Loads Internal forces Stresses in

natural coordinates failure theory
e failure criteria judgment

Is it stiff enough?

M Oct 10

Loads Internal forces Stresses &

strains in natural coordinates strain
energy deflection magnitudes
judgment

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26

Fundamentals

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Basic axial, torsion and bending

stress, deflection and constituent
relationships.

the basic relationship and the

geometry of deformation

Tension Test

Basic test that provides Y

Plastic Strain, Failure and Design

Limit Stresses
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27

Deformation of an
Element

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28

Stress transformations

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Stresses on arbitrary planes

Principal Stresses
Stress Invariants,
Principal Directions
Plane Stress, Plane Strain
Matrix form and Mohrs circle
Be able to sketch and visualize
elements
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29

Mohrs Circle

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30

Differential equations of
equilibrium (motion)

xx xy xz

Bx 0
x
y
z
xy yy. yz

By 0
x
y
z
xz yz zz

Bz 0
x
y
z

M Oct 10

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(2.45)

31

Strain & Strain-displacement

relations

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Only small strain, small deflection

Compatibility
Strain gages and rosettes

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32

Stress-Strain

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Generalized Hooke's Law of Linear

elasticity
Hooke's law Stress-strain relations
Strains due to temperature change

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33

Inelastic Material
Behavior

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Types of Material Response

Yield load vs. fully plastic load
Residual stresses
Effect of hydrostatic stresses on
yield

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34

Yield criteria

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Max. Stress
Max. shear
Von Mises
Be able to apply appropriate
theory and explain why it is
correct.

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35

Ch. 5: Energy Methods for Deflection

(Statically Determinant) Only

n
F
ji

N j
Fi

,v
F
ji

V j
Fi

,m
F
ji

m j
Fi

,t
F
ji

College of
Engineering

T j
Fi

x ji internal effect in member j due to unit load at i

N j n Fji

qi

j 1

M Oct 10

EA
j

dz

M j m Fji
EjI j

dz

kVj v Fji
G j Aj

CIVE 4300/5300 Fall 2016

dz

T j t Fji
GjJ j

36

dz

(5.20a)

College of
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Chapter 6 Lecture 1
Torsion
CIVE 4300/5300 Advanced Mechanics of
Materials

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37

6.1 Torsion of a circular cross section BS 6th F 6-1

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Assume

=z
= angle of twist per unit length
= total angle of rotation at a section

Planes remain plane (no out-of-plane

warping)
Now find a solution to the equations of
elasticity
M Oct 10
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38

6.1 Torsion of a circular cross section BS 6th F 6-1

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It follows that

Cross
sections
Remain plane
Rotate as

rigid bodies

w =0

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39

6.1 Torsion of a circular cross section BS 6

th

F 6-1

& 6-2

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Find ( x, y ) components of u and v

Consider P : ( x, y ) P : ( x* , y * )
Radial distance : OP
OP rotates through to OP* OP OP*

. ) cos
u x* x OP cos(
v y * y OP sin( ) sin

(6.2)

Expand cos( ) and sin( )

Note x OP cos and y OP sin
u x(cos 1) y sin
v x sin y (cos 1)

M Oct 10

(6.3)

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6.1 Torsion of a circular cross section BS 6

th

u x(cos 1) y sin

v x sin y (cos 1)

F 6-2

(6.3)

sin , cos 1, w 0
u y , v x , w 0
(6.4)
u yz, v xz, w 0

(6.5)

where twist per unit length

Physical check

Consider a point on the surface

On the x axis
On the y axis

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41

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6.1 Torsion of a circular cross section

u yz , v xz, w 0
Recall 2.81

xx

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(6.5)

u
v
w
, yy , zz
dx
dy
dz

1 v u 1
xy yx
xy
2 dx dy
2
1 w u 1
xz zx
xz
2 dx dz
2
1 w v 1
yz zy
yz
2 dy dz
2

xx yy zz xy 0, 2 zx zx y, 2 zy zy x ( typo in text )
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42

6.1 Torsion of a circular cross

section

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xx yy zz xy 0, 2 zx zx y, 2 zy zy x ( typo in text )
Since we assumed an admissible displaceme nt pattern,
compatibil ity is automatica lly satisified
.
For stress, recall eqs 3.32

xx yy zz xy 0, zx Gy, zy Gx

( 6 .7 )

check if 6.7 satisfies equilibrium

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43

6.1 Torsion of a circular cross

section
xx yy zz xy 0, zx Gy, zy Gx

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(6.7)

Recall equilibrium and assume zero body forces

xx . xy xz

Bx 0
x
y
z
xy yy yz

By 0
x
y
z
xz yz zz

Bz 0
x
y
z

(2.45)

000 0
000 0
000 0
equilibrium is satisfied
M Oct 10

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44

6.1 Torsion of a circular cross

section
xx yy zz xy 0, zx Gy, zy Gx

College of
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(6.7)

Recall equations for force components on a cube

Px l xx m xy n xz
Py l xy m yy n yz

(2.10)

Pz l xz m yz n zz
For the normal to the lateral surface,
the first two are identically zero.
The third yields
0 l xz m yz
Recall xx yy zz xy 0, zx Gy, zy Gx
x
y
, m sin
b
b
y y x 0
b

l cos

x
G
b
the boundary conditions on the lateral
surface are satisfied
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45

6.1 Torsion of a circular cross

section

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On the ends,

M
so

T ( x zy y zx )dA
A

T G ( x 2 y 2 )dA G r 2 dA
A

T
GJ
z

( L) L

rad
L
TL
GJ

Gyi Gxj

Stress vector

G x 2 y 2 Gr

Tr
J

M Oct 10

Weve come a long way to

get the SOM result. The
point was we used many
TOE tools. We will use
these tools for tougher
problems.

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46

6.1 Torsion of a circular cross section

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Discuss stress
cube.

zx

zy

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47

6.1 Torsion of a
circular cross section

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Stress cube at B.
zx
zy

or

zx

zy

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6.1 Torsion of a circular cross section

Assumed a shape
that satisfied
compatibility.
Assume elastic
Showed it
satisfied
compatibility
Showed it
satisfied
equilibrium

M Oct 10

College of
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GJ

rad
L
TL
( L) L
GJ

G x 2 y 2 Gr
Tr

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49

6.2 Non-circular shafts

Theory

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St. Venant Semi Inverse

Start with geometry of deformation

observations
Displacement functions and strains
Compatibility satisfied (of course,
follows from assumptions
Equilibrium
Stress function
BC along shaft

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50

6.2.1 Non-Circular Shafts Geometry of

Deformation BS 6th F 6-7

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51

Stress Function

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zx zy

0
(6.22)
y
x
such that

zx
We now have a solution to
y
the elasticity problem

zy
x
M Oct 10

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52

6.2.1 Geometry of Deformation BS 6th F

6-7
u yz , v xz, w ( x, y )
Recall 2.81

xx

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(6.16)

u
v
w
, yy , zz
dx
dy
dz

1 v u 1

xy
2 dx dy
2
1 w u 1
xz zx

xz
2 dx dz
2

xy yx

yz zy

1 w v 1

yz
2 dy dz 2

xx yy zz xy 0

y
x

x
y

2 zx zx
2 zy zy

M Oct 10

(6.17)

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6.2.1 Geometry of Deformation BS 6th F

6-7
xx yy zz xy 0

y
x

2 zx zx
2 zy zy

(6.17)

zx

y
zy

x
zx zy

2
y
x

M Oct 10

(6.18)

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54

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6.2.3 Boundary Conditions

dy
dx
xz
yz
0
ds
ds

BS 6th F 6-8

(6.26)

xz
, yz
(6.23)
y
x

dy dx d

0
y ds x ds ds
or
constant on the boundary
M Oct 10

zy

zx

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55

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6.2.3 Boundary
Conditions

College of
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Lateral surface free of stress leads to

dy
dx
zx
zy
0
ds
ds
or
dy dx d

0
y ds x ds ds

is constant on boundary. We can pick

the constant. What constant is easiest?
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6.2.3 Boundary Conditions

BS 6th F 6-8

constant on the boundary

In this case, 0 is a simple constant
.
with a physical meaning

xz2 yz2

(6.29)

zy

and is tangent t o the contour

zx

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57

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6.2.3 Boundary Conditions

BS 6th F 6-8

Now consider t he ends

Fx 0 xz dx dy y dx dy

Fy 0 yz dx. dy x dx dy

T ( x yz y xz )dx dy

x
y dx dy (6.32)
x
x

After a bit of work,

T 2 dxdy
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6.2.3 Boundary Conditions

BS 6th F 6-8

T 2 dxdy
Torque is equal to
twice the volume
under the stress
surface.
Small deflections,
isotropic, no
restrictions on
materials (elastic or
elasto-plastic)
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59

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6.2 Non-circular shafts Theory

Summary

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St. Venant Semi Inverse

Start with geometry of deformation

observations
Displacement functions and strains
Compatibility satisfied (of course,
follows from assumptions
Equilibrium
Stress function
BC along shaft

M Oct 10

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6.2 General Results

College of
Engineering

Equilibriu m in z direction
zx zy

0
(6.22)
y
x
stress function such that

zy
x

zx

zx zy
2

parallel to contour

T 2 dxdy (6.36)

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6.3 Elastic solution

BS 6th F 6-8

Now require the material be linear

elastic.

G zx
y

zy
G zy
x

zx

zx zy

2
y
x
2 2

2G
x 2 y 2

(6.18)

(6.38)

Specify th e boundary by
F(x, y) 0 (6.40)
Consider a unit angle of twist
BF(x,y) 0
This is a solution subject to the conditions
F(x, y) 0 on the lateral surface and
2F 2F

constant
x 2 y 2

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College of
Engineering

BS 6th F 6-10

College of
Engineering

Discuss 6.15 &

6.16.
2h

B x 3 y
3

2 2

2G
x 2 y 2

x 3y

2h
h
x
3
3

(6.38)

G
2h
2h
h
x 3y x 3y x
2h
3
3
3

T 2 dxdy (6.36)

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