Planning History & Theory

URBANIZATION AND MIGRATION

Presented by: 1. Manoj Patel

Padhya

Guided by: Prof. Himanshu

SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

& TECHNOLOGY, SURAT
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Contents
1. Introduction
2. migration
3. Causes of Rural-Urban migration
4. Reasons migrate
5. Impact of migration
6. Effects of Rural-Urban Migration
7. Migration classification
8. Conclusion
9. Recommendations
10. References
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 Introduction
Urbanization is the increase in the urban
population of a country or area due to the
following components of urban population growth:
(a) urban natural increase,
(b) urban net migration,
(c) the reclassification of parts of the rural
population into the category urban.
The process of urbanization is probably the most
significant dimension of migration, due to its
salient social and economic implications
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 MIGRATION
One of the most significant migration patterns has
been rural to urban migration the movement of
people from the countryside to cities in search of
opportunities.
Migrant: A person whose last usual place of
residence was different from the present place of
enumeration on the date of inquiry has been
considered as migrants.
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 Causes of Rural-Urban migration

The major causes of rural-urban migration is identified as;
search for better wages, education, political and social
stability, better technologies, employment and business
opportunities.
poverty,

unemployment,

crop

failures

and

famine,

inadequate social amenities and facilities in the rural areas

such as pipe borne water, electricity, good roads, hospitals,
schools, vocational centres.
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 Reasons Migrate
1. People migrate for both voluntary and involuntary reasons
2. Voluntary migration occurs when people choose to leave one
place for another
3. An example of voluntary migration is moving to Florida from the
northeastern U.S. in search of warmer weather
4. Involuntary migration occurs when people are forced to move to
a new place
5. Africans who were kidnapped and brought to the Americas as
slaves are an example of involuntary migrants
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 Impacts of Migration
Human migration affects population patterns and characteristics, social and
cultural patterns and processes, economies, and physical environments. As
people move, their cultural traits and ideas diffuse along with them, creating
and modifying cultural landscapes.
1. Diffusion: The process through which certain characteristics (e.g.,
cultural traits, ideas, disease) spread over space and through time.
2. Relocation Diffusion: Ideas, cultural traits, etc. that move with people
from one place to another and do not remain in the point of origin.
3. Expansion Diffusion: Ideas, cultural traits, etc., that move with people
from one place to another but are not lost at the point of origin, such as
language.
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 Effects of Rural-Urban Migration

1. As more and more people arrive in the urban centre, there will be
insufficient jobs for them and the unemployment rate will increase
2. brings pressure on urban housing and the environment as migrants
arrive from rural areas they live on the streets & makeshift substandard accommodation
3. Population growth in the urban centres also lessens the quality of life
because it: destroys resources, such as water and forests, needed for
sustenance
4. Over population of the urban centres thus encouraging and raising the
rate of crime in the society
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 Types Of Migration
1. Permanent migration
2. Return migration
3. Forced migration
4. Seasonal migration
5. Irregular migration
6. Migration for education
7. Voluntary migration
8. Marriage migration
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 Factors affecting
Globalization synonymous acceleration.
Globalization has today precipitated the process due to
increased opportunities. The reality is that people today, are
moving in search of survival, fulfillment, in search of way to
create new identities and a better life for themselves and their
families.
Marketisation Sound marketisation becomes center of gravity
for migration by surrounded regions. This type of areas attracts
more & more people from the other areas for better earnings
prospects and better standard of life and these impacts on
migration for shifting from one region to other.
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 Migration classification
Inter state: Movement beyond the border of one state
Intra state: Movement within the border of one state
Rural to rural
Rural to urban
Urban to rural
Urban to urban
Governing factors
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 Conclusion
1. The rate of rural-urban migration is alarming in recent years and
its effects are not only felt by the destination regions alone but
also felt by the source regions-as facilities in the destination
regions are overstretched, the source regions are virtually
deserted.
2. Unless the government provides the basic necessities of life to
the rural areas and provide the productive youth in the rural
areas with employment opportunities people will continuously
drift in to the urban centres from the rural areas in search for
better life and employment
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 Recommendations
1.

In view of the effects of rural-urban migration the Government

should strive to provide social amenities and facilities in the
rural areas

2.

The Government should also provide jobs for the citizens in the
rural areas

3.

Vocational training centres should be established in the rural

centres for training of the productive youths for self
employment

4.

Those youths that passed out of the Vocational training centres

should be given micro-loans as a start-up capital
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References
Reports
1. A pilot Study: Report of Migration, Trafficking and sites of
work: Rights and Vulnerabilities, by jagori, New Delhi. 1995.
2. A report on Migration in India, National Sample Survey
Organization, October, 1998.
3. Urbanization and migration, Department of social
development, 2009

Research Papers
4. J. Ghosh, (2009), Migration and Gender Empowerment:
Recent Trends and Emerging Issues, The Journal of UNDP.
5. J.n.chodhary(2002), Male-female migration in india:Causes
And Trends
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