Eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Nucleus?
Chloroplast?

Review

Taxonomy and Systematics

One lab worksheet per table!

Binomial Nomenclature
Is the two-part format of the
scientific name of an organism
(in Latin)
Was developed by Carolus
Linnaeus

Ex. Quercus alba

Genus

Species epithet
Problem with common names!

Carcharias taurus
sand tiger shark, grey nurse shark, ground shark,
spotted raggedtooth shark, slender-tooth shark,
spotted sandtiger shark, ground shark

Hierarchical Classification
Panthera
pardus

Species

Genus

Felidae

Family

Carnivora

Order

Mammalia

Class

Phylum

Kingdom

Domain

Panthera

Chordata

Animalia

Eukarya

Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

Taxonomy
Taxonomy the science of classifying and
naming organisms.
Species any group of closely related
organisms that can interbreed and produce
fertile offspring.
Population members of the same species
isolated geographically into smaller groups.
Will not ask you about clines!

Taxon

A taxonomic group of
any rank (domain,
class, species)
plural = Taxa

Three Domains

Carl Woese
U. of ILL.

6 Kingdoms
Hetrotrophic
consumers

Autotrophic
Photosynthesizers

Hetrotrophic
absorbers

Phylogeny

Order

Family

Genus

Species

The evolutionary history of a species or

group of related species
Panthera
Mephitis
Canis
Canis
Lutra lutra
pardus
mephitis
familiaris
lupus
(European
(leopard) (striped skunk)
otter) (domestic dog) (wolf)

Time
Panthera

Felidae

Mephitis

Lutra

Mustelidae

Carnivora

Canis

Canidae

Systematists depict evolutionary

relationships
In branching phylogenetic trees

Phylogenies can be
constructed for
species,
populations, genes,
viruses, etc.

A phylogenetic tree depicts a

hypothesis of the evolutionary
relationships among organisms

Each branch point represents the divergence

of two species
Leopard and Cat are
sister species
(groups)
Tip

Leopard

Domestic cat

Node
(speciation event)

Branch

Root
Common ancestor

Phylogeny

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Recent Common Ancestor

Panthera
Mephitis
Canis
Canis
Lutra lutra
pardus
mephitis
familiaris
lupus
(European
(leopard) (striped skunk)
otter) (domestic dog) (wolf)

Panthera

Felidae

Mephitis

Lutra

Mustelidae

Carnivora

Canis

Canidae

Estimated common
ancestor of dog and
wolf
Estimated common
ancestor of dog, wolf,
otter, and skunk

interactive tree of life

Monophyletic Groups
Grouping 1
E

G
F

K
I

B
A

Monophyletic Groups (Clade):

consist of the common ancestor species and all
its descendants

Why are clades (monophyletic

groups) meaningful?
Clades give us information

about relationships based on

descent from a common
ancestor.

Just as in a pedigree, close

relatives share similarities

because they inherited those
traits from a common ancestor.

Why are clades meaningful?

Traits shared by a clade, to the

exclusion of other species are

Shared Derived Characters
(synapomorphies or
synapomorphic characters).

 A synapomorphy is a trait that is similar

among species because the common ancestor

of those species also had the trait.

Orientation of the Tree is

Arbitrary
A
B
C
C
A

C
A
B
C

Topology
The branching pattern of a
phylogenetic tree

Node Rotation
Node rotation is completely arbitrary; certain rotations may look
better or may make interpretation easier, but has no bearing on the
actual evolutionary relationships

Simple Case

Homologous vs Analogous
Homologous: traits inherited by two
different organisms from a common
ancester
Analogous: similarity due to convergent
evolution, not common ancestry

Non-homologous similarities
(analogous)

Convergent Evolution!

These similarities all

make sense in light of
their function (and
environment) and are not
homologous traits

Ancestral deuterostome
Brain

Notochord

Chordates
Craniates
Vertebrates
Gnathostomes
Osteichthyans
Lobe-fins
Tetrapods
Amniotes

Head
Vertebral column
Jaws, mineralized skeleton

Legs

Lobed fins

Lungs or lung derivatives

Mammalia
(mammals)

Reptilia
(turtles, snakes,
crocodiles, birds)

Amphibia
(frogs, salamanders)

Dipnoi
(lungfishes)

Actinistia
(coelacanths)

Actinopterygii
(ray-finned fishes)

Chondrichthyes
(sharks, rays, chimaeras)

Cephalaspidomorphi
(lampreys)

Myxini
(hagfishes)

Cephalochordata
(lancelets)

Urochordata
(tunicates)

Echinodermata
(sister group to chordates)

Nonhomologoussimilarities

Milk

Amniotic egg

Sum
1
in each
row

Add-up rows! (for each characteristic)

1= present 0= absent

Sum
7
6
5
4
1
2
2
2
1

Sum 1
in each
row

Review answer to question 3.1

Characters

Angiosperm
"Dicot"

Angiosperm
"Monocot"

Bryophyte
"Moss"

Fern

Green algae

Gymnosperm
"Conifer"

Alternation of
Generations

Photosynthetic;
cellulose cell
walls; starch
production

Embryophyte:
"land plants"

Vascular tissue
(phloem &
xylem)

Water not
required for
fertilization
(pollination)
Embryo
contained in a
seed
Flowers & fruits

Seeds bearing a
single cotyledon

Sum-up number of 1 in each row

Fill-in table (3-C)!

1 = if has characteristic
0 = if does not have characteristic

Sum-up
number of
1 in each
row

Characters

Angiosperm
"Dicot"

Angiosperm
"Monocot"

Bryophyte
"Moss"

Fern

Green algae

Gymnosperm
"Conifer"

sum

Alternation of
Generations

Photosynthetic;
cellulose cell walls;
starch production

Embryophyte:
"land plants"

Vascular tissue
(phloem & xylem)

Water not required

for fertilization
(pollination)

Embryo contained in
a seed

Flowers & fruits

Seeds bearing a
single (1) cotyledon

Green algae

Bryophytes

Ferns

Gymnosperms

Dicots

Monocots

single cotyledon.

flowers & fruits.

embryo in
seed; pollination.
vascular tissue
land plants
alternation of generations;
photosynthesis;
cellulose walls;
starch.

Animal Cladogram Q:3.3

Work as a group
Look for characters that unite (are the
same between) the organisms.
Then, build a phylogeny using these
characters. You must have a character for
each branch of the tree.

Sum-up number of
1 in each Column

This need to convert the letters to

numbers!
Characters are the numbers!

Review concept of outgroup!

Draw a tree as answer 3.4

We are NOT doing question 3.5

This need to convert the letters to

numbers!
Characters are the numbers!

G
7
5

11

12