Social Groups

and
Social
Organizations

Social Groups
Social

groups consists of a
number of people who have a
common identity, some
feeling of unity, and a certain
common goals and shared
norms.
Social interaction takes
place in the context of social

Social organizationorsocial
institution
is

a group ofsocial
positions, connected
bysocial relations,
performing asocial role. It
can be also defined in a
narrow sense as
anyinstitutionin

Social organizationorsocial
institution

large secondary
groups, highly
organized to
accomplish a complex
task or tasks and to
achieved goals

Social
Group

Social
InteractionOrgan
izatio
n

Other formation of
people
Social

Aggregates-a set of people who are in

one area.
example : People who are riding in a
bus.
Social Category-a set of people who are
share common characteristics.
example : MET students in TUP.
Social statistics- is just referring to a
numbered categorization of individuals.
example : 10 topnotcher in Board exam

Characteristic of a Group
1. Some

group qualities are

quite literally
superhuman.
2. Groups are generally
collectively stronger than
even the strongest
individual member.

Group Size and

Relationships
Dyad-

group composed of
two people.(one
relationship)
Triad- groups composed of
three people.(three
relationships)
A group of four.(six

Group Size and

Relationships
A

B
B

Dyad

Triad

Group Size and

Relationships
A

A
C

B
D

A Group of Four

B
D

A Group of

Function of Groups
Defining

Boundaries
Choosing Leaders
Making Decisions
Setting Goals
Assigning Tasks
Controlling Members

Defining Boundaries
Defining

boundaries
To identify who are
members of a group,
some sort of devices
must be used to mark
the boundaries.

Choosing Leader
Choosing

Leaders Groups by
nature must resolve the
issue of leadership. A leader
according to Tischler is
someone who occupies
central role or position of
dominance and influence in a
group.

MAKING DECISION
Making

Decision-- among foraging

societies, making decisions are
made by involving everyone else in
the community. Among modern
societies, avoid wasting precious
time and energy, group use the less
participative but popularly known
voting o determine the decision of
the group.

Setting Goals
Setting

Goals All groups must

have a goals. A goal maybe too
general, such as protecting the
environment or too narrow like
getting to the beach resort.
Goals change overtime
depending on the challenges
faced by the group.

Assigning tasks
Assigning

task Goals,
decision making,
leadership are all
important functions of
groups but these are of no
significance unless tasks
are assigned to each

Controlling members
behavior
Controlling

members
behavior group members
behavior must be controlled
for the group to
continuously. This is the
reason why deviant
behaviors of members of the

TYPES OF GROUPS
Classification:

1.

According to the nature of social

ties.

a) Primary( family, neighbor )

b) Secondary
2. According to
a) In-groups
b) Out-groups
c) Reference

social identification.

According to
Organization
3.

a) Formal organization
( utilitarian , Coercive ,
Voluntary)
b) Informal organization

Primary Group
Primary

group are small

in size and
characterized by
personal, intimate and
non-specialized
relationship between

Examples of Primary
Group
Family
Basketball team
A pair of lovers
Clique
Etc.

Some elements of primary

group
Tend to be small and ordinarily
composed of fewer than 15 to 20
individuals.
2. Interaction and communication among
members in a primary group tend to of
an intimate of personal nature.
3. Members commonly develop strong
emotional bonds with other members.
4. Generally persist over extensive period
of time.
1.

Secondary Group
Secondary

groups refer to a formal,

impersonal group in which there is
little social intimacy or mutual
understanding. Sullivan(2004)
considered secondary groups as
based on task oriented, impersonal
and specialized ties with people,
they maybe small, but often large.

Examples of secondary
group
Sociology

class
Business organization
Political parties
Labor union
Etc.

In-group
In-group

feel strong
identification and loyalty
with the members of
their own groups
different, either
culturally or racially

Out-group

Out-group

is a
group or category
to which people feel
they do not belong.

Reference Group
Reference

group is a
group that people use as
a standard in evaluating
or understanding
themselves, their
attitudes, and their

Formal Organization
Money

is important part to
these group, and the
organization use money in
fulfilling some objective.
People belong to some type
of formal organization
because of some purpose.

Types of Formal
Organization
Type

Voluntary

Coercive

Utilitarian

Membership

People join of their own

volition and receive no
financial compensation
People are required to join
for either their own
benefit or societal good.
People are not forced to
join a particular
organization but feel

Types of Formal
Organization
Type

Voluntary

Coercive

Utilitarian

Benefits

Members gain some

personal gratification from
pursuing hobby or goal
Society or some groups
benefit from the
membership of some in
these organizations
People join because it
would otherwise be

Informal Organization
Informal

organization provide
different but important things.
They can provide relaxation and
reduce stress. People can be
involve in fun activities. Informal
organizations are what help keep
people in good social health and
well being

Bureaucracies
Bureaucracies

is a rationally created
formal organizations that are based
on hierarchical authority and explicit
rules of procedure.
Are large-scale, formal organizations
which are highly differentiated and
organized through elaborate policies
and procedures in a hierarchy of
authority.

Five characteristic of
Bureaucracy
Division of labor
Hierarchy of authority
Written rules and

regulations
Impersonality
Employment based on
technical qualification

Division of Labor
Division

of Labor individuals
in a bureaucratic organization
occupy specific positions and
perform specific tasks vis-vis other task performed by
others in the organization.

Hierarchy of Authority
Hierarchy

of
Authority each
position in a
bureaucratic system
falls under the
supervision of one of

Written Rules and

Regulations
Written

rules and
regulations rules and
regulations provide member
of a bureaucracy with clear
and vivid norms of behavior
and performance

Impersonality

Impersonality

in

a bureaucracy
works are carried
on sine ira et
studio.- without

Employment based on
Technical Qualifications
Employment

based on technical
qualifications in a bureaucracy
organization members are hired
based on qualification not based
on who knows within.

Peter

Principle every individual

within the hierarchy tend to rise
to his or her level of

Characteristics of
Bureaucracy
Characteristics

Positive Consequences

Division of
Labor
Hierarchy of
Authority
Written Rules
and Regulation
Impersonality
Employment
Based on

Produces efficiency in
large scale corporation
Clarifies who is in
command
Let workers know what is
expected of them
Reduce bias
Discourages favoritism
and reduce petty

Characteristics of
Bureaucracy
Characteristics

Negative Consequences (For the

Individual)

Division of
Labor
Hierarchy of
Authority
Written Rules
and Regulation
Impersonality

Produces trained
incapacity
Deprives employees of
voice in decision making
Stifle initiatives and
imagination
Contributes to feeling of
alienation
Discourages ambition to

Employment

Characteristics of
Bureaucracy
Characteristics

Negative Consequences (For the

Organization)

Division of
Labor
Hierarchy of
Authority
Written Rules
and Regulation
Impersonality

Produces narrow
perspective
Permits concealment of
mistakes
Lead to goal displacement

Employment

Discourages loyalty to
company
Allow Peter principle to