The Normal Immune

Response

The principal classes of

lymphocytes and their
functions in adaptive
immunity

Morphology of a Lymph
Node

Antigen Processing by Major

Histocompatibility Complex Molecules

Humoral Immunity

Mechanisms of Immunologically
Mediated Hypersensitivity Reactions

Type of
Reaction
Immediate
(type I)
hypersensi
tivity

Prototypic
Disorder
Anaphylaxis;
allergies;
bronchial
asthma
(atopic
forms)

Immune
Pathologic
Mechanisms Lesions
Production of Vascular
IgE antibody dilation,
immediate edema,
release of
smooth
vasoactive muscle
amines and contraction,
other
mucus
mediators
production,
from mast
tissue injury,
cells; later
inflammatio
recruitment n
of

Immediate Hypersensitivity

Mast cell mediators

Action of mast cell

mediators
Mediators

Action
Vasodilation, increased
vascular permeability

Smooth muscle spasm

Cellular infiltration

Histamine
PAF
Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4
Neutral proteases that activate
complement and kinins
Prostaglandin D2
Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4
Histamine
Prostaglandins
PAF
Cytokines (e.g., chemokines,
TNF)
Leukotriene B4
Eosinophil and neutrophil
chemotactic factors (not
defined biochemically)

Type of
Prototypic
Reaction
Disorder
AntibodyAutoimmune
mediated
hemolytic
(type II)
anemia;
hypersensiti Goodpasture
vity
syndrome

Immune
Mechanisms
Production of
IgG, IgM
binds to
antigen on
target cell or
tissue
phagocytosis
or lysis of
target cell by
activated
complement
or Fc
receptors;

Pathologic
Lesions
Phagocytosis
and lysis of
cells;
inflammation;
in some
diseases,
functional
derangement
s without cell
or tissue
injury

Antibody-mediated injury

Type of
Prototypic
Immune
Reaction
Disorder
Mechanisms
Immune
Systemic
Deposition of
complex
lupus
antigenmediated
erythematosu antibody
(type III)
s; some forms complexes
hypersensiti of glomercomplement
vity
ulonephritis; activation
serum
recruitment
sickness;
of leukocytes
Arthus
by
reaction
complement
products and
Fc receptors
release of
enzymes and
other toxic

Pathologic
Lesions
Inflammation,
necrotizing
vasculitis
(fibrinoid
necrosis)

Type III
hypersensitiv
ity

Prototypic
Immune
Pathologic
Type of Reaction Disorder
Mechanisms
Lesions
Cell-mediated Contact
(type IV)
dermatitis;
hypersensitivi multiple
ty
sclerosis; type I
diabetes;
rheumatoid
arthritis;
inflammatory
bowel disease;
tuberculosis

Activated T
lymphocytes
(i)
release of
cytokines
inflammation

and
macrophage
activation;
Perivascular
(ii)
cellular

Type IV hypersensitivity reactions

Granuloma formation

Mechanisms of
Autoimmunity

Pathogenesis of autoimmunity

Role of infections in
autoimmunity