DEATH,AND
ADAPTATIONS
Syeda Rima Ishaq
WHAT IS
pathology?
PATHOLOGY
Pathos------
Suffering
Logos---------Study.
A
It
CELLULAR ADAPTATION
Cells
Cellular Adaptation
Increased
Decreased
stress-------Atrophy
Change
in stressor------Metaplasia
Prolong
pathologic Hyperplasia----Dysplasia
Failure
of development------Aplasia
Decreased
cell production-----Hypoplasia
CELLULAR ADAPTATION
Cellular
adaptations include:
Atrophy--shrinkage of cells
Hypertrophy--increase in the size of cells which results
in enlargement of the organs
Hyperplasia--increased number of cells in an organ or
tissue
Metaplasia--transformation or replacement of one adult
cell type with another
Atrophy:
Physiologic--due
Pathologic--primarily
due to denervation
of muscle, diminished blood supply,
nutritional deficiency
1) Atrophy
Atrophy
There
Hypertrophy Increase
3) Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy may be :
Hypertrophy
This
is cardiac hypertrophy
involving the left ventricle.
The number of myocardial
fibres does not increase, but
their size can increase in
response to an increased
workload, leading to the
marked thickening of the left
ventricle in this patient with
systemic hypertension.
It is either:
Hyperplasia
4) Metaplasia
Metaplasia:
Metaplasia
5) Dysplasia
Dysplasia
Cell Injury
If
CELL INJURY
adapting
deprivation (anoxia)
physical agents
chemical agents
infections agents
immunologic reactions
genetic defects
nutritional imbalances
Aging
Hypoxia: due to
ischemia(Decreased blood flow)
Low partial pressure of Oxygen in the blood(hypoxemia)
Decreased oxygen carrying capacity in the blood
respiration
ATP depletion or decreased synthesis.
Cell membranes - plasma membranes, mitochondrial,
lysosomal and other organelle membranes.
Protein synthesis.
Cytoskeleton.
Genetic apparatus.
Biochemical
1. ATP
depletion
2. Mitochondrial damage
3. Plasma membrane permeability
defect
4. Oxygen free radicals
5. Ca++ influx to the cell
Failure of the calcium pump leads to influx of Ca++ into the cell, activate various
enzymes to the detriment of the cell(cell death).
Later there is swell in of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, RER loses ribosomes
and protein synthesis falls - structural proteins (membranes,cytoskeleton) and
enzymes.
Misfolded proteins lead to the unfolded protein response which may further injure
the cell.
Downloaded from: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (on 4 April 2005 06:11 PM)
2005 Elsevier
Downloaded from: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (on 4 April 2005 06:11 PM)
2005 Elsevier
ISCHAEMIA/REPERFUSION INJURY
damaging to mitochondria;
inflow
recruitment
Cell injury
Cell death