Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik

CIRCUIT THEOREMS

Superposition
Thevenins
Nortons
Source Transformation

Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik

CIRCUIT THEOREMS

Circuits can be analysed using Kirchhoffs laws

without
tampering
with
their
original
configurations.

However, for complex and large circuits, using

kirchhoffs laws will be tedious.

Thus circuit theorems can be used to simplify

circuit analysis.

LINEARITY PROPERTY

Linearity Property

It is the property of an element describing a

linear relationship between cause and effect.

A linear circuit is one whose output is linearly

related (or directly proportional) to its input.

A circuit is said to be linear if it is both additive

and homogenous. A linear circuit consists of only
linear elements, linear dependent sources and
independent sources.

Linearity Property

Homogeneity property requires that if an input is

multiplied by a constant, then the output is
multiplied by the same constant
v=iR

kv=kiR

Additivity property requires that the response to a

sum of inputs is the sum of the responses to each
input applied separately.
v1 = i1 R and v2 = i2 R
v = (i1 + i2) R = v1 + v2

Linearity Property
Example 4.1
Find I0 when vs = 12 V and vs = 24 V

Linearity Property
Example 4.1
Assume I0 = 1 A, use linearity to find the actual value of I0

Linearity Property
Practice Problem 4.1
Find vo when is = 15 A and is = 30 A

Linearity Property
Practice Problem 4.2
Assume that V0 = 1 V and use linearity to calculate the actual
value of V0 in the circuit below

Linearity Property
Problem 4.4
Use Linearity to determine i0

10

Linearity Property
Problem 4.5
Assume V0 = 1 V, use linearity to find the actual value of V0

11

SUPERPOSITION
THEOREM

12

Superposition Theorem

It states that the voltage across (or current

through) an element in a linear circuit is the
algebraic sum of the voltage across (or currents
through) that element due to EACH independent
source acting alone.

The principle of superposition helps us to analyze

a linear circuit with more than one independent
source by calculating the contribution of each
independent source separately.

13

Superposition Theorem
Steps to apply superposition principle
1. Turn

off all independent sources except one

source. Find the output (voltage or current)
due
to that active source using nodal or
mesh
analysis.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent
sources.
3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically
all the contributions due to the independent
sources.

14

Superposition Theorem
Two things have to be kept in mind:
1.

When we say turn off all other independent

sources:
Independent voltage sources are replaced by
0 V (short circuit) and
Independent current sources are replaced by
0 A (open circuit).

2.

Dependent sources are left intact because they

are controlled by circuit variables.
15

Superposition Theorem
Example 4.3
Use the superposition theorem to find
v in the circuit shown below.

3A is discarded by
open-circuit

6V is discarded
by short-circuit
16

Superposition Theorem
Practice Problem 4.3
Use the superposition theorem to find v0 in the circuit shown
below.

17

Superposition Theorem
Example 4.4
Use the superposition theorem to find i0 in the circuit shown below.

18

Superposition Theorem
Practice Problem 4.4
Use the superposition theorem to find Vx in the circuit shown
below.

19

Example 4.5
Use the superposition theorem to find i
in the circuit shown below.

20

Superposition Theorem
Practice Problem 4.5
Find I in the circuit below using superposition

21

Tutorial

(Superposition Theorem)

Problem 4.11
Use superposition principle to find i0 and v0 in the circuit below

22

Tutorial

(Superposition Theorem)

Practice Problem 4.15

Use superposition to find i. Calculate the power delivered to the 3-ohm resistor

23

Tutorial

(Superposition Theorem)

Practice Problem 4.16

Find io in the circuit below using superposition

24