DRAWING
Front View
The front view or front elevation represents what is seen when
looking at the front of the component in the direction of arrow F.
Plan View
A plan view represent what is seen when looking at the top of the
component in the direction of arrow P.
Side View
The side view or side elevation represents what is seen when
looking at the side of the component in the direction of either arrow
R or arrow L. These arrows are at 90 to both arrow F and arrow P.
View looking in
direction of arrow R.
Right- Hand
Side View (R)
View looking in
direction of arrow L.
Left- Hand
Side View (L)
In First Angle Ortho Graphic Projection The Front View is Above the Top view.
The Right-hand side view is on the Left-hand side of the front view.
The left hand side view is on the Right-hand side of the front view.
Kind Of Lines
Line Group
Kinds Of Lines
Solid
1,2
Typical application
0,8
0,5
0,3
1,2
0,8
0,5
0,3
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,6
0,4
0,3
0,2
Broken (dashed)
Alternate long
dashes with dots
1,2
0,8
0,5
0,3
Invisible edges
Sample Drawing
Sectioning
Drawings of the outside of sample components are often
sufficient to convey all the information necessary to make the
component. More complicated components, however may
require sectional views to clarify internals details.
A sectional view is obtained when one imagines the
component to be cut through a chosen section plane often on
a center line.
If the vee-block is cut on section plane C-C as shown
the resulting sectional view projected from the plan Sectional Front View
replaces the usual front view of the block.
looking on cutting
plane C-C
End View
Sectional views are drawn only when it is necessary to explain the construction of a
complex object or assembly. Some of the examples used in the next few slides have been
chosen to illustrate the rules of sectioning although in practice, as in the case of the veeblock drawn above a sectional view may not have been necessary.
The draftsman has to decide how a component or assembly should be sectioned in order
to provide the fullest possible information. The recommendations of BS 308 enable him to do
this in a way that is understood by all engineers.
Rules Of Sectioning
A sectioned object is shown by lines drawn preferably at 45.
Thin lines touch the outline. Size of sectioned part determines line
spacing preferably not less than 4 mm.
If two adjacent parts are sectioned , the section lines are drawn
in opposite directions. Lines are staggered where the parts are in
contact.
Where more then two parts of an assembly are to be sectioned,
the lines cannot all be opposite. Sectional lines are closer together
on the third area usually the smallest
The sectional view of a symmetrical object is obtained when the section plane
cuts through the obvious centre line. Hatching may be omitted if the meaning is
clear without it.
Sectioning Exceptions
There are a number of a features and parts which are not normally sectioned even though
they may lie in the section plane. A good way to accept these exceptions to be general rule is
to imagine how complicated the drawing would look if they were sectioned. They are
sectioned, however, when they lie across the section plane.
Section D-D
Revolved
TERMINOLOGY
Communication between the drawing office and the work shop is mainly achieved via
the engineering drawing orthographic or pictorial. In order to reduce drafting time a
number standard parts are abbreviated.
Before this engineers shorthand can be correctly it is necessary to understand the
terms used to describe features of engineering components. This terminology is common
to both drawing office and workshop and is often used when discussing the various
manufacturing and machining processes used in engineering.
Many different types of holes may be seen on engineering drawings. The more
common ones, associated with drilling, reaming and tapping. The name and where
appropriate the application of each is indicated.
Abbreviations
Many terms and expressions in engineering need to be written on drawings so
frequently as to justify the use of abbreviations which help to reduce drafting time and
costs. A selection of the more commonly used ones are stated and clarified in the following
table.
Abbreviation
Meaning
Sketch/Notes
A/C
Across corners
A/F
Across flats
Hex HD
Hexagon head
ASSY
Assembly
CRS
Centers
CL
Center line
CHAM
Chamfered
CH HD
Cheese head
CSK
Countersunk
Abbreviation
Meaning
CYL
Cylinder or Cylindrical
DIA
Diameter
(preceding a dimension)
DRG.
Drawing
FIG.
Figure
LH
Left hand
LG
Long
MAT:
Material
NO.
Number
PATT NO.
Pattern number
PCD
I/D
Inside diameter
O/D
Sketch/Notes
Abbreviation
Meaning
RH
Right hand
RD HD
Round head
SCR
Screwed
SPEC
Specifications
S FACE
Spot face
SQ
Square
STD
Standard
U CUT
undercut
M/CD
Machined
mm
Millimeter
NTS
Not to be scale
RPM
SWG
TPI
Sketch/Notes
SI symbol: rev/min
Springs
A spring is designated by stating the diameter of the wire, the coil diameter (inside or
outside), the form of the spring ends, the total number of the coils and its free length.
in the case of compression spring, the pitch of the coil may be deduced from its free
length and number of coil.
Shaft Details
it is frequently necessary to fix a component to one end of a shaft or spindle so that a
torque may be transmitted.
Subject
Splined Shaft
Side View
Convention
Knurling
Knurling is a common method of providing a roughened to aid tightening or
slackening of a screw by hand. This is formed by pressing special rollers against the
surface of the component whist it revolves in lathe.
Subject
Convention
Long Components
There are occasions when bars, shafts, spindles or tubes may be too long to be drawn
to a reasonable scale. In such cases the elevation may be interrupted .
Subject
Rectangular Bar
Convention
Multiple Holes
When a large number of holes of equal diameter are equally spaced around a
diameter or a line, only one hole need be drawn in full with the reminder marked with a
short center line.
That circle is
called the pitch
circle diameter
or PCD
Gears
Before gears be drawn a great deal of background knowledge about their
nomenclature and construction must be acquired.
Subject
Spur
Gear
Worm
And
Wheel
Convention
Side view
of gear
wheel is
in section
Pictorial Drawing
A component may be represented graphically in various ways. An
Orthographic Drawing, for example, requiring a minimum of two views to
fully communicate the size and the shape of a component, is used in
engineering mainly to convey manufacturing instruction from the designer
to the craftsman. On the other hand a well executed Pictorial Drawing
adequately representing all but the most complicated components using
one view only, is used mainly as an aid to visualization of the shape of a
component rather then for communication detailed instruction for
manufacture.
A pictorial drawing, generally, is a quickly produced approximately scaled
representation of a component a picture rather then an accurately scaled
line drawing.
There are many different types of pictorial representation. Two of the most
commonly used ones are known as Isometric Drawing
and Oblique Drawing.
Isometric
Oblique
An oblique pictorial drawing presents with the component with one of its faces as a true
shape. This shape is drawn on the front face of the oblique box as shown below.
The longest face is usually drawn on the front of the oblique box with receding lines
between and full size.
Methods Of Construction Of
Oblique Drawing
There are many variations in angle, length of receding lines, and directions from
which a component may be viewed in order to produce an oblique drawing as can be
seen by examples on the previous slide. Different oblique drawings of the same
component may each provide the details required.
The receding lines may be drawn at any angle to the horizontal but an
angle of 30, 45, 60 is proffered as lines can be drawn with set squares.
Dimensioning
A number of the basic rules of dimensioning can be explained by reference to the above
drawing of a thin plate.
The sides marked A and B are known as DATUM faces. They are used as reference
edges from which dimensions are drawn. Datum's may or may not be machined. Even if
they are not machined it is good practice to choose reference edges in order to simplify
the layout of dimensions.
1. Dimension Line: Thin full lines placed outside the component where possible
and spaced well away from the out lines. The longer dimension lines are placed
outside shorter ones.
2. Projection Lines: Thin full lines which extend from the view to provide a
boundary for the dimension line. Drawn at 90 to the out line.
3. Arrowheads: Drawn with sharp strokes which must touch the extension lines.
4. A Leader line is a thin full line which is drawn from a note, a dimension or, in this
case, a balloon and terminates in an arrowhead or a dot.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Arrangement Of Dimensions
Dimensions should be placed so that they may be read from either the bottom or
right-hand side of a drawing, for example:
Dimensioning Circles
1. The way a circle is dimensioned the dimension always refers to the diameter and
NOT the radius.
2. A circle is never dimensioned on a center line.
3. The conventional symbol for diameter is .
The leader line must be
drawn in line with the
center of the circle.
In the example it is
preferable to dimension
the side view even tough
the cylindrical shape is
not apparent. Dimension
in this view, however,
must
always be preceded by
symbol .
Dimensioning Radii
A radius should be dimensioned by a dimension line which passes through, or is in line
with, the center of the arc.
The dimension line should have one arrowhead which should be placed at the point of
contact with the arc. The abbreviation R should always precede the dimension.
Dimensioning Angles
Angles are Expressed in:
1. Degrees e.g. 90
2. Degrees and minutes e.g. 27 30
The placing of the angular dimension depends on the position of the angle in
relation to the bottom and/or the right-hand side of the drawing sheet and
the size of the angle.
Dimensioning Chamfers
45 chamfer should be specified by one of the methods below:
Location Dimensions
The features can be located from a machined surface or center line. Such s surface or line
is known as DATUM.
Examples on pervious slides have been shown components and features may be
dimensioned when size is the main consideration.
Threads
A screw thread, often shortened to thread, is a helical structure used to convert
between rotational and linear movement or force. A screw thread is a ridge wrapped
around a cylinder or cone in the form of a helix, with the former being called a straight
thread and the latter called a tapered thread. A screw thread is the essential feature of the
screw as a simple machine and also as a fastener.
ACME Threads
Acme screw threads are mainly used for
the purpose of producing traversing
motions on machines, tools etc.
The multi-start threads are used to provide
fast relative traversing motion.
Stub ACME
The Stub Acme screw threads are generally
confined to those unusual applications like
transmission of power and motion where a
coarse pitch thread of shallow depth is
required due to mechanical or metallurgical
considerations.
Trapezoidal Thread
Trapezoidal threads are used for
transmission of power and motion and are
nearly similar to ACME threads, but are
made to metric dimensions and standards.
The most commonly used class of threads
are 7e for external threads & 7H for internal
threads.
Round Threads
These threads are also known as Knuckle
threads and are insensitive to dirt and
damage due to their round shape and are
used in fastening screw threads in clutch of
railway cars and for large valves and gates,
for bottle caps etc.
Parts of Thread
PITCH
The axial distance between threads. Pitch is equal to the lead in a single
start screw.
LEAD
The axial distance the nut advances in one revolution of the screw. The
lead is equal to the pitch times the number of starts.
LEAD = PITCH x STARTS
For example: 1/4" 4 RH requires four turns for one inch of travel. A 1/4
4 RH has two starts and a 0.125" pitch. 0.125" pitch X two starts = 0.250
lead.
SCREW STARTS
The number of independent threads on the screw shaft; example one, two
or four.
Assembly Drawings
The purpose of an assembly drawing is to provide visual information about the way in
which parts of machine or structure fit together. There are several types of assembly
drawings and the differences in presentation depend on the uses for which they are intended.
They are:
1.
Layout Assemblies in which the designer places together all the various parts in order to
established overall sizes, distances, etc. and as a result the feasibility of this design.
2. Outline Assemblies these gives general information about a machine or a group of
components, for example, main sizes and centre distances which would show how the
unit would be installed. This type of assembly is often used in catalogues giving details
of the range of units offered for sale.
3. General Assemblies or Arrangement Drawings shows clearly how components fit
together and more important how the assembled unit functions'. Outside views, sectional
and part sectional views may be used but dimensions are rarely needed. The various
parts may be labeled by ballooning and parts list would complete the drawing.
4. Sub-Assembly are drawings which show only one unit of a multi unit component. One
more complicated or multiple part components it may first be necessary to arrange parts
into sub assemblies which are then built up into the main assembly.
5.
Sectioned Assemblies a simple assembly may be drawn with out the need for
sectional views and clearly understood. On more complex assembly drawings,
however, too many hidden detail lines tend to confuse and a sectional view of the
assembled parts conveys the information more clearly.