Audio Card

AGP ( accelerated graphic port)

Power Supply

 THE PARTS OF THE CPU A processor is

also called the CPU, and it works hand
in hand with other circuits known as main
memory to carry out processing.
The CPU (central processing unit) is the
brain of the computer; it follows
the instructions of the software
(program) to manipulate data into
information. The CPU consists of two
parts(1) the control unit and

2) the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU),

both of which contain registers, or
high-speed storage areas
The control unitfor directing
electronic signals: The control unit
deciphers each instruction stored
in the CPU and then carries out the
instruction.

In the machine cycle, the

CPU (1) fetches an instruction,
(2) decodes the instruction,
(3) executes the instruction, and
(4) stores the result. ( See Panel
4.10, opposite. )
The arithmetic/logic unit
for arithmetic and logical
operations: The arithmetic/logic
unit (ALU) performs arithmetic
operations and logical operations
and controls the speed of those
operations.

PCI busfor high-speed connections: At 32- or 64-bits wide, the PCI

(peripheral component interconnect) bus is a high-speed bus that has
been widely used to connect PC graphics cards, sound cards, modems,
and high-speed network cards. A more recent standard is the PCI Express
(PCIe), as we explain below.
AGP busfor even higher speeds and 3-D graphics: The PCI bus
was adequate for many years, providing enough bandwidth for all the
peripherals most users wanted to connectexcept graphics cards. In the
mid-1990s, however, graphics cards were becoming more powerful, and
three-dimensional (3-D) games were demanding higher performance.
Because the PCI bus couldnt handle all the information passing between
the main processor and the graphics processor, Intel developed the AGP
bus. The AGP (accelerated graphics port) bus, which transmits data
at twice the speed of a PCI bus, is designed to support video and 3-D
graphics.
PCIe Express busfor outperforming AGP: In 2004, Intel developed
the PCIe (PCI Express) bus , which can outperform AGP and is more

Inside parts of power supply

MEASURING CAPACITY How many representations of 0s

and 1s can be held in a computer or a storage device
such as a hard disk? Capacity is denoted by bits and bytes
and multiples thereof:
Bit: In the binary system, each 0 or 1 is called a bit, which is
short for
binary digit.
Byte: To represent letters, numbers, or special characters
(such as ! or *),
bits are combined into groups. A group of 8 bits is called a
byte, and a
byte represents one character, digit, or other value. (As we
mentioned,
in one scheme, 01000111 represents the letter G.) The
capacity of a
computers memory or of a floppy disk is expressed in
numbers of bytes or

 Kilobyte: A kilobyte (K, KB) is about 1,000 bytes. (Actually,

its
precisely 1,024 bytes, but the figure is commonly rounded.) The
kilobyte
was a common unit of measure for memory or secondary storage
capacity
on older computers. 1 KB equals about one-half page of text.
Megabyte: A megabyte (M, MB) is about 1 million bytes
(1,048,576
bytes). Measures of microcomputer primary storage capacity today
are
expressed in megabytes. 1 MB equals about 500 pages of text.
Gigabyte: A gigabyte (G, GB) is about 1 billion bytes
(1,073,741,824
bytes). This measure was formerly used mainly with big iron