RHEOLOG

BY: VIDHI DOSHI

Y
OF
FLUIDS

RHEOLOGY
rheo to flow
logos science
ology the study of
Thus, rheology is the science that
concerns with the flow of liquids
and deformation of solids.

 The

study of viscosity is of true liquids,

solutions, dilute and concentrated colloidal
systems.

It

is involved in the mixing and flow of

materials, their packaging into containers, the
pouring from the bottle, extrusion from a tube or
a passage of the liquid to a syringe needle.

It

can affect the patients acceptability of the

product, physical stability, biologic availability,
absorption rate of drugs in the gastrointestinal
tract.

It

influence the choice of processing

equipments in the pharmaceutical system

TWO CATEGORIES OF FLOW

& DEFORMATION
Newtonian (Newtonian Law of Flow)

the higher the viscosity of a liquid, the greater is

the force per unit area (shearing stress) required

to produce a certain rate of shear
Shear is a stress which is applied parallel or
tangential to a face of a material, as opposed to a
normal stress which is applied perpendicularly.
Shear stress
Measured in (SI unit): pascal
Commonly used symbols:
Expressed in other quantities: = F / A

A shear stress, is
applied to the top of
the square while the
bottom is held in
place. This stress
results in a strain, or
deformation,
changing the square
into a parallelogram.

A Newtonian fluid (named for Isaac Newton) is a fluid

whose stress versus rate of strain curve is linear and
passes through the origin. The constant of
proportionality is known as the viscosity.

In common terms, this means the fluid continues

to flow, regardless of the forces acting on it. For
example, water is Newtonian, because it continues
to exemplify fluid properties no matter how fast it is
stirred or mixed.
For a Newtonian fluid, the viscosity, by definition,
depends only on temperature and pressure (and
also the chemical composition of the fluid if the
fluid is not a pure substance), not on the forces
acting upon it.

Non-Newtonian
A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid whose flow
properties are not described by a single constant
value of viscosity.

Many polymer solutions and molten polymers are

non-Newtonian fluids, as are many commonly found
substances such as ketchup, starch suspensions,
paint, blood and shampoo.

In a non-Newtonian fluid, the relation between the

shear stress and the strain rate is nonlinear, and
can even be time-dependent. Therefore a constant
coefficient of viscosity cannot be defined.

TYPES OF NON
NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

1.

Bingham plastics.

They have linear shear stress and strain relationship which

require a finite yield stress before they begin to flow, i.e., the
shear stress-strain curve doesnt pass through origin.
Eg- clay suspensions, drilling mud, toothpaste, mayonnaise,
chocolate, and mustard. The classic case is ketchup which will not
come out of the bottle until you stress it by shaking.

2.

Pseudoplastic Flow

Polymers in solutions such as tragacant, sodium

alginate, methylcellulose
Viscosity decreases with an increase in shear
thinning
Caused by the re-alignment of polymer and/or the
release of solvents associated with the polymers

3. Dilatant Flow
Volume increases when sheared
Shear thickening
Suspension containing high-concentration of small
deflocculated particles

SHEAR STRESS-STAIN FOR

ALL FLUIDS:

There are also fluids whose strain rate is a function of

time. Fluids that require a gradually increasing shear
stress to maintain a constant strain rate are referred to

as rheopectic.

An opposite case of this, is a fluid that thins out with

time and requires a decreasing stress to maintain a

constant strain rate (thixotropic).

THIXOTROPY
is

the property of some non-Newtonian

pseudoplastic fluids to show a time-dependent
change in viscosity; the longer the fluid
undergoes shear stress, the lower its viscosity.

thixotropic fluid is a fluid which takes a finite

time to attain equilibrium viscosity when
introduced to a step change in shear rate.

the

term is sometimes applied to pseudoplastic

fluids without a viscosity/time component.
Many gels and colloids are thixotropic
materials, exhibiting a stable form at rest but
becoming fluid when agitated.

THANK
YOU!