Measurement of mid-range
pressures(1.013-7000 bar)
U-tube Manometer
Pressure is defined as a force per unit area
- and the most accurate way to measure
low air pressure is to balance a column of
liquid of known weight against it and
measure the height of the liquid column so
balanced. The units of measure commonly
used are inches of mercury (in. Hg), using
mercury as the fluid and inches of water
(in. w.c.), using water or oil as the fluid.
Lecturer Touseef Yaqoob El
Explanation
VARIATIONS IN MANOMETER
DESIGN
Continued
To improve and expand readability, certain
U-type and well-type manometers are
available with a. Red oil indicating fluid,
and scales compensated to read pressure
directly in inches of water. To further
increase readability and sensitivity the
well-type manometer indicating tube is
inclined, to cause a greater linear
movement along the tube for a given
pressure difference. For an inclined
manometer to be a primary device, the
inclined tube must be straight and uniform.
Lecturer Touseef Yaqoob El
Well-type manometer
Explanation
At left, equal pressure is imposed on the
fluid in the well and in the indicating tube.
Reading is zero. At the right, a positive
pressure has been imposed on the liquid in
the well causing the level to go down very
slightly. Liquid level in indicating tube has
risen substantially. Reading is taken
directly from scale at liquid level in
indicating tube. The scale has been
compensated for the drop in level in the
well.
Lecturer Touseef Yaqoob El
Inclined manometer
Explanation
At left, equal pressure is imposed on the
liquid in the well and the indicating tube.
Reading is zero. At the right a positive
pressure has been imposed on the liquid
in the indicating tube pushing it down to
a point on the scale equal to the
pressure. Liquid level in the well rises
proportionately. Inclining the indicating
tube has opened up the scale to permit
more precise reading of the pressure.
Lecturer Touseef Yaqoob El
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READABILITY
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LEVELING
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Strain gage
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Strain gage
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Piezoelectric pressure
transducer
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Pressure Sensors
(pressure < one atmosphere)
Thermocouple Gauges
Pirani Gauges
Ionization Gauges
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Thermocouple
Gauges
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Pirani Gauges
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Ionization Gauges
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A common pressure-to-displacement
conversion is accomplished by a
specially constructed tube (See Figure).
If a section of tubing is partially
flattened and coiled as shown, then the
application of pressure inside the tube
causes the tube to uncoil. This then
provides a displacement that is
proportional to pressure
Lecturer Touseef Yaqoob El
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Techniques used
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Example
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Pressure Switches
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