Perhitungan Persamaan Kimia

Chapter 3
Calculations with
Chemical Formulas
and Equations
Dr. S. M. Condren
Molar Mass
Sum
atomic masses
represented by formula
atomic masses => gaw
molar mass => MM
Dr. S. M. Condren
One Mole of each Substance
Clockwise from top left:

1-Octanol, C8H17OH;
Mercury(II) iodide, HgI2;
Methanol, CH3OH; and
Sulfur, S8.
Dr. S. M. Condren
Example
What is the molar mass of ethanol, C2H5OH?
Dr. S. M. Condren
Example
What is the molar mass of ethanol, C2H5O1H1?
MM = 2(gaw)C + (5 + 1)(gaw)H + 1(gaw)O
Dr. S. M. Condren
Example
MM = 2(gaw)C + (5 + 1)(gaw)H + 1(gaw)O
= 2(12.011)C + 6(1.00794)H + 1(15.9994)O
Dr. S. M. Condren
Example
MM = 2(gaw)C + (5 + 1)(gaw)H + 1(gaw)O
= 2(12.011)C + 6(1.00794)H + 1(15.9994)O
= 46.069 g/mol
Dr. S. M. Condren
The Mole
a unit of measurement, quantity of matter
present
Avogadros Number
6.022 x 1023 particles
Latin for pile
Dr. S. M. Condren
Example
How many moles of carbon dioxide
molecules are there in 10.00g of carbon
dioxide?
Dr. S. M. Condren
Example
dioxide?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 2(gaw)O = 44.01 g/mol
Dr. S. M. Condren
Example
dioxide?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 2(gaw)O = 44.01 g/mol
#mol CO2
Dr. S. M. Condren
Example
dioxide?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 2(gaw)O = 44.01 g/mol
#mol CO2 = (10.00g)
Dr. S. M. Condren
Example
dioxide?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 2(gaw)O = 44.01 g/mol
#mol CO2 = (10.00g)(1 mol/44.01g)
Dr. S. M. Condren
Example
dioxide?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 2(gaw)O = 44.01 g/mol
#mol CO2 = (10.00g)(1 mol/44.01g)
Dr. S. M. Condren
Example
dioxide?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 2(gaw)O = 44.01 g/mol
#mol CO2 = (10.00)(1 mol/44.01)
Dr. S. M. Condren
Example
How many moles of carbon dioxide molecules
are there in 10.00g of carbon dioxide?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 2(gaw)O = 44.01 g/mol
#mol CO2 = (10.00)(1 mol/44.01)
= 0.2272 mol
Dr. S. M. Condren
Combustion Analysis
Dr. S. M. Condren
Percentage Composition
description of a compound based on the
relative amounts of each element in the
compound
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE: What is the percent composition

of chloroform, CHCl3, a substance once used
as an anesthetic?
MM = 1(gaw)C + 1(gaw)H + 3(gaw)Cl
= (12.011 + 1.00797 + 3*35.453)amu
= 119.377amu
Dr. S. M. Condren

as an anesthetic?
= (12.011 + 1.00797 + 3*35.453)amu
= 119.377amu
1(gaw)
%C = ------------ X 100
MM
Dr. S. M. Condren

as an anesthetic?
= (12.011 + 1.00797 + 3*35.453)amu
= 119.377amu
1(gaw)
%C = ------------ X 100
MM
1(12.011)
%C = -------------- X 100 = 10.061% C
119.377
Dr. S. M. Condren

as an anesthetic?
= (12.011 + 1.00797 + 3*35.453)amu
= 119.377amu
1(1.00797)
%H = ---------------- X 100 = 0.844359% H
119.377
Dr. S. M. Condren

as an anesthetic?
= (12.011 + 1.00797 + 3*35.453)amu
= 119.377amu
3(35.453)
%Cl = -------------- X 100 = 89.095% Cl
119.377
Dr. S. M. Condren

as an anesthetic?
= 119.377amu
%C = 10.061% C
%H = 0.844359% H
%Cl = 89.095% Cl
Dr. S. M. Condren
Simplest (Empirical) Formula

formula describing a substance based on the
smallest set of subscripts
Dr. S. M. Condren
Acetylene, C2H2, and benzene, C6H6, have

the same empirical formula. Is the correct
empirical formula:
C2H2
CH
C6H6
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE: A white compound is formed

when phosphorus burns in air. Analysis shows
that the compound is composed of 43.7% P
and 56.3% O by mass.Relative
What is
the empirical
Number
of Atoms
formula
Element of the
% compound?
(%/gaw)
P
43.7 43.7/30.97 = 1.41
56.3 56.3/15.9994 = 3.52
Dr. S. M. Condren

and 56.3% O by mass.
WhatNumber
is theofempirical
Relative
Atoms
formula
Element of%the compound?
(%/gaw)
Divide by Smaller
P
43.7
43.7/30.97
= 1.41
56.3
56.3/15.9994
1.41/1.41 = 1.00
= 3.52 3.52/1.41 = 2.50
Dr. S. M. Condren

and 56.3% O byRelative
mass.Number
WhatofisAtoms
the empirical
Multiply
formula of the compound?
%
P 43.7
O 56.3
(%/gaw)
43.7/30.97 = 1.41
56.3/15.9994
= 3.52
by Integer
1.41/1.41 = 1.00 2*1.00 => 2
Divide by Smaller
3.52/1.41
= 2.50 2*2.50 => 5
Dr. S. M. Condren

and 56.3% O byRelative
mass.Number
WhatofisAtoms
the empirical
Multiply
%
P 43.7
O 56.3
(%/gaw)
43.7/30.97 = 1.41
56.3/15.9994
= 3.52
by Integer
1.41/1.41 = 1.00 2*1.00 => 2
Divide by Smaller
3.52/1.41
= 2.50 2*2.50 => 5
Empirical Formula => P2O5

Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE: A sample of a brown-colored

gas that is a major air pollutant is found to
contain 2.34 g of N and 5.34 g of O. What is
the empirical
2.34
%N = ----------------- X 100 = 30.5% N
2.34 + 5.34
5.34
%O = ----------------- X 100 = 69.5% O
2.34 + 5.34
Dr. S. M. Condren

the empirical formula of the compound?
%N = 30.5% N
%O = 69.5% O
Relative # Atoms
Element %
(%/gaw)
N
30.5 30.5/14.0067 = 2.18
O
69.5 69.5/15.9994 = 4.34
Dr. S. M. Condren

the empirical
the compound?
%N
= 30.5% formula
N %O =of69.5%
O
Relative # Atoms
%
(%/gaw) Divide by Smaller
N 30.5 30.5/14.0067 = 2.18 2.18/2.18 = 1.00
O 69.5 69.5/15.9994 = 4.34
4.34/2.18 = 1.99
Dr. S. M. Condren

%N
= 30.5% formula
N %O =of69.5%
O
the empirical
the compound?
Relative # Atoms Multiply
%
(%/gaw)
Divide by Smaller
by Integer
N 30.5 30.5/14.0067 = 2.18 2.18/2.18 = 1.00 1*1.00=>1
O 69.5 69.5/15.9994 = 4.34 4.34/2.18 = 1.99 1*1.99=>2
Dr. S. M. Condren

%N
= 30.5% formula
N %O =of69.5%
O
the empirical
the compound?
Relative # Atoms Multiply
%
(%/gaw)
Divide by Smaller
by Integer
N 30.5 30.5/14.0067 = 2.18 2.18/2.18 = 1.00 1*1.00=>1
O 69.5 69.5/15.9994 = 4.34 4.34/2.18 = 1.99 1*1.99=>2
Empirical Formula => NO2
Dr. S. M. Condren
Molecular Formula
the exact proportions of the elements that
are formed in a molecule
Dr. S. M. Condren
Molecular Formula from

Simplest Formula
empirical formula => EF
molecular formula => MF
MF = X * EF
Dr. S. M. Condren

Simplest Formula
formula mass => FM
sum of the atomic weights represented by
the formula
molar mass = MM = X * FM
Dr. S. M. Condren

Simplest Formula
first, knowing MM and FM
X = MM/FM
then
MF = X * EF
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE: A colorless liquid used in rocket

engines, whose empirical formula is NO2, has
a molar mass of 92.0. What is the molecular
FM = 1(gaw)N + 2(gaw)O = 46.0
formula?
MM = -------92.0 = 2
X = ------FM
46.0
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE: A colorless liquid used in rocket

engines, whose empirical formula is NO2, has
a molar mass of 92.0. What is the molecular
FM = 1(gaw)N + 2(gaw)O = 46.0
formula?
MM
92.0
X = ------- = -------- = 2
FM
46.0
thus MF = 2 * EF
Dr. S. M. Condren
What is the correct molecular formula for

this colorless liquid rocket fuel?
2NO
NO
N2O4
Dr. S. M. Condren
Stoichiometry
stoichiometry noun
1. Calculation of the quantities of
reactants and products in a chemical
reaction.
2. The quantitative relationship between
reactants and products in a chemical
reaction.
Dr. S. M. Condren
The Mole and Chemical Reactions:

The Macro-Nano Connection
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O
2 H2 molecules
2 H2 moles molecules
4 g H2
1 O2 molecule
1 O2 mole molecules
2 H2O molecules
2 H2O moles molecules
32 g O2
Dr. S. M. Condren
36 g H2O
EXAMPLE
How much H2O, in moles results from
burning an excess of H2 in 3.3 moles of O2?
H2 + O2 -----> H2O
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE
H2 + O2 -----> H2O
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O
(3.3 mol O2) (2 mol H2O)
#mol H2O = -----------------------------------(1 mol O2)
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE
H2 + O2 -----> H2O
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O
(3.3 mol O2) (2 mol H2O)
#mol H2O = -----------------------------------(1 mol O2)
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE
H2 + O2 -----> H2O
2 H2 + O2 -----> 2 H2O
(3.3) (2 mol H2O)
#mol H2O = ------------------------ = 6.6 mol H2O
(1)
Dr. S. M. Condren
Combination Reaction
PbNO3(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) PbCrO4(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)

Colorless
yellow
yellow
colorless
Dr. S. M. Condren
Stoichiometric Roadmap
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE How much iron(III) oxide

and aluminum powder are required to field
weld the ends of two rails together?
Assume that the rail is
132 lb/yard and that
one inch of the rails
will be covered by an
additional 10% mass
of iron.
Dr. S. M. Condren

Assume that the rail is 132 lb/yard and that
one inch of the rails will be covered by an
additional 10% mass of iron.
The mass of iron in 1 inch of this rail is:
#g/in = (132 #/yard) (1 yard/36 in) (454 g/#)
= 1.67 X 103 g/in
Dr. S. M. Condren

Assume that the rail is 132 lb/yard and that
one inch of the rails will be covered by an
additional 10% mass of iron.
#g/in = (132) (1/36 in) (454 g)
= 1.67 X 103 g/in
The mass of iron in a weld adding 10% mass:
#g = (1.67 X 103 g) (0.10) = 167 g
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE How much iron(III) oxide and

aluminum powder are required to field weld the ends of two
rails together? Assume that the rail is 132 lb/yard and that
one inch of the rails will be covered by an additonal
10% mass of iron.
#g/in = (132 #/yard) (1 yard/36 in) (454 g/#)
= 1.67 X 103 g/in
#g = (1.67 X 103 g) (0.10) = 167 g
Balanced chemical equation:

Fe2O3 + 2 Al ---> 2 Fe + Al2O3
Dr. S. M. Condren

10% mass of iron.

#g/in = (132 #/yard) (1 yard/36 in) (454 g/#)
= 1.67 X 103 g/in
#g = (1.67 X 103 g) (0.10) = 167 g

Fe2O3 + 2 Al ---> 2 Fe + Al2O3
What mass of Fe2O3 is required for the

thermite process?
Dr. S. M. Condren

rails together? Assume that the rail is 132 lb/yard and that one
inch of the rails will be covered by an additonal
10% mass of iron.
#g = (1.67 X 103 g) (0.10) = 167 g

Fe2O3 + 2 Al ---> 2 Fe + Al2O3
What mass of Fe2O3 is required for the thermite

process?
(1 mol Fe) (1 mol Fe2O3) (159.7 g Fe2O3)
#g Fe2O3 = (167 g Fe) * ------------------------------------------------------(55.85 g Fe) (2 mol Fe) (1 mol Fe2O3)
= 238 g Fe2O3
Dr. S. M. Condren

10% mass of iron.
The mass of iron in a weld adding 10% mass: #g Fe = 167 g Fe

Fe2O3 + 2 Al ---> 2 Fe + Al2O3
What mass of Fe2O3 is required for the thermite process?
#g Fe2O3 = 238 g Fe2O3
What mass of Al is required for the thermite

process?
Dr. S. M. Condren

10%
mass
of iniron.
The mass
of iron
a weld adding 10% mass: #g Fe = 167 g Fe
Fe2O3 + 2 Al ---> 2 Fe + Al2O3
What mass of Fe2O3 is required for the thermite process?
#g Fe2O3 = 238 g Fe2O3
What mass of Al is required for the thermite process?

(1 mol Fe) (2 mol Al) (26.9815 g Al)
#g Al = (167 g Fe) * ----------------------------------------------(55.85 g Fe) (2 mol Fe) (1 mol Al)
= 80.6 g Al
Dr. S. M. Condren

10% mass of iron.

#g Fe = 167 g Fe
#g Fe2O3 = 238 g Fe2O3
#g Al = 80.6 g Al
Dr. S. M. Condren
Limiting Reactant
reactant that limits the amount of product
that can be produced
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE
What is the number of moles of Fe(OH)3 (S) that
can be produced by allowing 1.0 mol Fe 2S3, 2.0
mol H2O, and 3.0 mol O2 to react?
2Fe2S3(S) + 6H2O(l) + 3O2(g) -----> 4Fe(OH)3(S) + 6S(S)
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE
What is the number of moles of Fe(OH)3 (S)
that can be produced by allowing 1.0 mol
Fe2S3, 2.0 mol H2O, and 3.0 mol O2 to
react?
balanced equation relates:

2Fe2S3(S) <=> 6H2O(l) <=> 3O2(g)
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE
What is the number of moles of Fe(OH)3 (S)
that can be produced by allowing 1.0 mol
Fe2S3, 2.0 mol H2O, and 3.0 mol O2 to
react?
2Fe2S3(S) <=> 6H2O(l) <=> 3O2(g)
have only:
1Fe2S3(S) <=> 2H2O(l) <=> 3O2(g)
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE What is the number of

moles of Fe(OH)3 (S) that can be produced by
allowing 1.0 mol Fe2S3, 2.0 mol H2O, and
3.0 mol O2 to react?
2Fe2S3(S) <=> 6H2O(l) <=> 3O2(g)
have only:
1Fe2S3(S) <=> 2H2O(l) <=> 3O2(g)
not enough H2O to use all Fe2S3
plenty of O2
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE What is the number of

if use all Fe2S3:

(1.0 mol Fe2S3) (4 mol Fe(OH)3)
#mol Fe(OH)3 = -----------------------------------------(2 mol Fe2S3)
= 2.0 mol Fe(OH)3
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE: What is the number of

if use all H2O:

(2.0 mol H2O) (4 mol Fe(OH)3)
#mol Fe(OH)3 = ----------------------------------------(6 mol H2O)
= 1.3 mol Fe(OH)3
Dr. S. M. Condren

if use all O2
(3.0 mol O2) (4 mol Fe(OH)3)
#mol Fe(OH)3 = --------------------------------------(3 mol O2)
= 4.0 mol Fe(OH)3
Dr. S. M. Condren

1.0 mol Fe2S3 => 2.0 mol Fe(OH)3

2.0 mol H2O => 1.3 mol Fe(OH)3
3.0 mol O2 => 4.0 mol Fe(OH)3
Dr. S. M. Condren


2.0 mol H2O => 1.3 mol Fe(OH)3
3.0 mol O2 => 4.0 mol Fe(OH)3
Since 2.0 mol H2O will produce only 1.3 mol Fe(OH)3,
then H2O is the limiting reactant. Thus the correct
number of moles of Fe(OH)3 is 1.33 moles.
Dr. S. M. Condren


2.0 mol H2O => 1.3 mol Fe(OH)3 least amount
3.0 mol O2 => 4.0 mol Fe(OH)3
Since 2.0 mol H2O will produce only 1.3 mol
Fe(OH)3, then H2O is the limiting reactant.
Dr. S. M. Condren


2.0 mol H2O => 1.3 mol Fe(OH)3 least amount
3.0 mol O2 => 4.0 mol Fe(OH)3
Since 2.0 mol H2O will produce only 1.3 mol Fe(OH)3,
then H2O is the limiting reactant. Thus the maximum
number of moles of Fe(OH)3 that can be produced by
this reaction is 1.3 moles.
Dr. S. M. Condren
Theoretical Yield
the amount of product produced by a
reaction based on the amount of the limiting
reactant
Dr. S. M. Condren
Actual Yield
amount of product actually produced in a
reaction
Dr. S. M. Condren
Percent Yield
actual yield
% yield = --------------------- * 100
theoretical yield
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE
A chemical plant obtained

0.299 kg of 98.0% N2H4 for every 1.00 kg of
Cl2 that is reacted with excess NaOH and
NH3. What are the: (a) theoretical, (b) actual,
and (c) percent yield of pure N2H4?
2NaOH + Cl2 + 2NH3 -----> N2H4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O
(a) to calculate the theoretical yield, use the

net equation for the overall process
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE

2NaOH
N2H4 NaOH
+ 2NaCland
+ 2H2O
Cl2 that+isClreacted
excess
2 + 2NHwith
3 ----->
(a)
the theoretical
yield, use the net(b)
equation
for
NHto3.calculate
What are
the: (a) theoretical,
actual,
the overall process
(1.00 kg Cl2)
#kg N2H4 = ---------------------
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE

2NaOH
N2H4 NaOH
+ 2NaCland
+ 2H2O
excess
2 + 2NHwith
3 ----->
(a)
the theoretical
equation
for
NHto3.calculate
What are
actual,
the overall process
(1.00 kg Cl2) (1000 g Cl2)
#kg N2H4 = ----------------------------------(1 kg Cl2)
metric conversion
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE

2NaOH
N 2H 4 +
2NaCland
+ 2H2O
2 + 2NHwith
3 ----->
excess
NaOH
(a)
use the net(b)
equation
for
NHto3.calculate
What the
aretheoretical
the: (a) yield,
theoretical,
actual,
the overall process
(1.00) (1000 g Cl2) (1 mol Cl2)
#kg N2H4 = ----------------------------------------(1) (70.9 g Cl2)
molar mass
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE

2NaOH
N2H4 NaOH
+ 2NaCland
+ 2H2O
excess
2 + 2NHwith
3 ----->
(a)
the theoretical
equation
for
NHto3.calculate
What are
actual,
the overall process
(1.00)(1000)(1 mol Cl2)
#kg N2H4 = ----------------------------------------(1)(70.9)
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE

2NaOH
N2H4 NaOH
+ 2NaCland
+ 2H2O
excess
2 + 2NHwith
3 ----->
(a)
the theoretical
equation
for
NHto3.calculate
What are
actual,
the overall process
(1.00)(1000)(1 mol Cl2)(1 mol N2H4)
#kg N2H4 = ------------------------------------------------(1) (70.9)
(1 mol Cl2)
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE

2NaOH
N2H4 NaOH
+ 2NaCland
+ 2H2O
excess
2 + 2NHwith
3 ----->
(a)
the theoretical
equation
for
NHto3.calculate
What are
actual,
the overall process
(1.00)(1000)(1)(1 mol N2H4)
#kg N2H4 = ------------------------------------------------(1) (70.9)(1)
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE

2NaOH
N2H4 NaOH
+ 2NaCland
+ 2H2O
excess
2 + 2NHwith
3 ----->
(a)
the theoretical
equation
for
NHto3.calculate
What are
actual,
the overall process
(1.00)(1000)(1)(1 mol N2H4) (32.0 g N2H4)
#kg N2H4 = -------------------------------------------------------(1)(70.9) (1)
(1 mol N2H4)
molar mass
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE

2NaOH
N2H4 NaOH
+ 2NaCland
+ 2H2O
excess
2 + 2NHwith
3 ----->
(a)
the theoretical
equation
for
NHto3.calculate
What are
actual,
the overall process
(1.00)(1000)(1)(1) (32.0 g N2H4)(1 kg N2H4)

#kg N2H4 = ---------------------------------------------------------(1)(70.9)(1)(1)
(1000 g N2H4)
metric conversion
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE

2NaOH
2 + 2NH3 -----> N2H4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O
with excess NaOH and
(a) to calculate the theoretical yield, use the net equation for
NH
Whatprocess
are the: (a) theoretical, (b) actual,
the3.overall
(1.00)(1000)(1)(1)
(32.0)(1
kgpure
N2H4)N2H4?
and
(c)
percent
yield
of
#kg N H = ---------------------------------------------------------2
(1)(70.9)(1)(1)(1000)
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE

2NaOH
2 + 2NH3 -----> N2H4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O
(a) to calculate the theoretical yield, use the net equation for
NH
Whatprocess
are the: (a) theoretical, (b) actual,
the3.overall
(1.00)(1000)(1)(1)
(32.0)(1
kgpure
N2H4)N2H4?
and
(c)
percent
yield
of
#kg N H = ---------------------------------------------------------2
(1)(70.9)(1)(1)(1000)
= 0.451 kg N2H4
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE

2NaOH
N2H4 NaOH
+ 2NaCland
+ 2H2O
excess
2 + 2NHwith
3 ----->
(a)
yield #kg N2Htheoretical,
4 = 0.451 kg N2H
4
NHtheoretical
(b)
actual,
3. What are the: (a)
(b)
andactual
(c) yield
percent yield of pure N2H4?
(0.299 kg product)
# kg N2H4 = --------------------------
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE

2NaOH
2 + 2NH3 -----> N2H4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O
(a) theoretical yield #kg N2H4 = 0.451 kg N2H4
NH
3. What are the: (a) theoretical, (b) actual,
(b) actual
yield
and(0.299
(c) percent
kg product)yield
(98.0of
kg pure
N2H4) N2H4?
# kg N2H4 = -------------------------------------------(100 kg product)
purity factor
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE

0.299
kg
of
98.0%
N
2H4 for every 1.00 kg of
2NaOH + Cl2 + 2NH3 -----> N2H4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O
Cl
reacted
excess
(a) theoretical
#kg Nwith
H = 0.451
kg N HNaOH and
2 that isyield
(b)
actual
yield
NH
(0.299 kg product) (98.0 kg N H )
yield of pure N2H4?
#and
kg N(c)
H =percent
-------------------------------------------(100 kg
2
product)
= 0.293 kg N2H4
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE

2NaOH
N2H4 NaOH
+ 2NaCland
+ 2H2O
excess
2 + 2NHwith
3 ----->
(a)
yield #kg N2Htheoretical,
4 = 0.451 kg N2H
4
NHtheoretical
(b)
actual,
3. What are the: (a)
(b)
# kg Nof
2H4 = 0.293 kg N2H4
andactual
(c) yield
percent yield
pure N2H4?
Dr. S. M. Condren
EXAMPLE

2NaOH
N2H4 NaOH
+ 2NaCland
+ 2H2O
2 + 2NHwith
3 ----->
excess
(a) theoretical yield #kg N2H4 = 0.451 kg N2H4
NH
(b) actual yield
# kg N2H4 = 0.293 kg N2H4
and
(c) percent
yield of pure N2H4?
(c) percent
yield
0.293 kg
% yield = -------------- X 100 = 65.0 % yield
0.451kg
Dr. S. M. Condren

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Chapter 3

One Mole of each Substance

Clockwise from top left:

Latin for pile

EXAMPLE: What is the percent composition

EXAMPLE: What is the percent composition

EXAMPLE: What is the percent composition

EXAMPLE: What is the percent composition

EXAMPLE: What is the percent composition

EXAMPLE: What is the percent composition

Simplest (Empirical) Formula

Acetylene, C2H2, and benzene, C6H6, have

EXAMPLE: A white compound is formed

43.7 43.7/30.97 = 1.41

56.3 56.3/15.9994 = 3.52

EXAMPLE: A white compound is formed

= 3.52 3.52/1.41 = 2.50

EXAMPLE: A white compound is formed

= 2.50 2*2.50 => 5

EXAMPLE: A white compound is formed

= 2.50 2*2.50 => 5

Empirical Formula => P2O5

EXAMPLE: A sample of a brown-colored

EXAMPLE: A sample of a brown-colored

EXAMPLE: A sample of a brown-colored

EXAMPLE: A sample of a brown-colored

EXAMPLE: A sample of a brown-colored

Molecular Formula from

Molecular Formula from

Molecular Formula from

EXAMPLE: A colorless liquid used in rocket

EXAMPLE: A colorless liquid used in rocket

What is the correct molecular formula for

The Mole and Chemical Reactions:

PbNO3(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) PbCrO4(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)

EXAMPLE How much iron(III) oxide

EXAMPLE How much iron(III) oxide

EXAMPLE How much iron(III) oxide

EXAMPLE How much iron(III) oxide and

Balanced chemical equation:

EXAMPLE How much iron(III) oxide and

The mass of iron in 1 inch of this rail is:

Balanced chemical equation:

What mass of Fe2O3 is required for the

EXAMPLE How much iron(III) oxide and

Balanced chemical equation:

What mass of Fe2O3 is required for the thermite

EXAMPLE How much iron(III) oxide and

Balanced chemical equation:

What mass of Al is required for the thermite

EXAMPLE How much iron(III) oxide and

What mass of Al is required for the thermite process?

EXAMPLE How much iron(III) oxide and

The mass of iron in a weld adding 10% mass:

balanced equation relates:

EXAMPLE What is the number of

EXAMPLE What is the number of

if use all Fe2S3:

EXAMPLE: What is the number of

if use all H2O:

EXAMPLE: What is the number of

EXAMPLE: What is the number of

1.0 mol Fe2S3 => 2.0 mol Fe(OH)3