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Borobudur

Mahayanamonument,inJava,Indonesia
OReiley,pp.8283
Fisher,pp.196200

3.19Borobudur,Java,Late8thcentury;F17577

Borodudur
ItwasbuiltbytheSailendradynastythelate8thcentury;it
isthebiggeststupamonumentintheworld;locatedinthe
JavaIslandofIndonesia
Medium:volcanicrocksandmassiveheapofstones
ItisaMahayanamonumentwith9levels;eachside
measure370feetinlengthand12feetinheightineach
wall
Ithas5squareterracesand3circulardiminishterraces
withseriesofstupas(72stupas);crownedbyalarge
circularunfinishedstupa(113Feet)
Note:noinscriptionwasfoundatthesite

Plan
Lowerlevelrepresents:
KamadhatuSphereofDesire
(humanspiritisstill
chainedtogreed
RupadathuThesphereofForm(spiritliberatedfromgreed
butstillunabletotranscendthephenomenalworld)
TheuppercircularterracestheArupadhatutheSphereof
Formlessness(liberatedhumanspirithasleftallearthly
considerationsbehind)
PeoplevisitingBoroduburaspilgrimstoimmerse
themselvesinandgraphthetruthoftheBuddhasteachings
bystudyingthenarrativereleifsandtopracticemeditation

Gates
Gates:KalaorMakala(fishelephant):328
headsonthemonumnets
kalasymbolizessunandlight
makarasymbolizeswateranddarkness;
togethertheysymbolizetheUniverse

JinaBuddhas(DhyaniBuddha)

VairocanaBuddhaUniversalBuddha,inthecenter
Gesture:dharmacakramudra
Color:white
AksobhayaBuddhaoftheEast
Gesture:bhumisparsamudra
Color:yellow
AmitabhaBuddhaoftheWest;Sakyamuniand
AvalokitesvaraBodhisattvaresided(Sukhavatiparadise)
Gesture:dhyanamudra
Color:Red

JinaBuddha

RatanasambhavaBuddhaoftheSouth
Gesture:varadamudra
Color:green
AmoghasidiBuddhaoftheNorth
Gesture:abhayamudra
Color:Blue

Gallery
Thereareapproximately1300panelswitha
totallengthof8,200feetcoverthewalls
andthebalustradesofthegalleries
Ithasnoroof
540seatedBuddhainlifesize
432areinniches(partofthebalustrades)
72inhollowstupas

texts
Base:nowcovereddepictedrelieffromthe
Kamawibhangatextthedoctrineofcauseandeffects
Alongthemanygalleriesshowpanelswithscenesinbas
relief.Thereleifsweredirectlydrawnfromtheancient
texts:
1stgallery:lalitavistaraintheupperlevelofthe(Life
storyoftheBuddha)wallandtheJatakamalainthelower
partofthewall(Jatakastories)
2and3rdgalleries:Gandavyuha(storyofSudhanain
searchoftheUltimateTruth;Maitreyahelpshim)

Interpretations
Itrepresentstheunityofthecosmossacredreplicaofthe
universe
UnfinishedBuddhasymbolizedtheultimatespiritualtruth
Mandalacosmicdiagram,cosmicuniverse:theconceptof
theThreeBodies
Itassociateswithroyalcult
ItrepresentsthecosmicmountainMtMeruasdescribedin
theLotusSutra(Saddharapundarikasutra)
TheultimatemessageisthatbyhearingtheLotussutra,
everbeingscanbecomeaBuddhaafterhavingobtained
completeenlightenmentorbodhi

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