Ss Final

SIGNAL AND SYSTEM
www.thegateacademy.com
Signal and System

Year wise weightage of Subject
30
24
25
20
20
15
15
15
14
10
10
9
6
5
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Reference Books
Signal and System-Oppenheim and Willsky
Signal and System Schaums outline- H.P Hsu
(Numerical approach)
Linear Signal and System B.P Lathi (Laplace transform)
Signal and System- Nagoor kani (Z transform)
Why to Study Signal and

System
Signal and System
Signal
Deals with physical phenomena
information
Function of one or more variable
which
System
entity that manipulates one or more signals.
Meaningful inter connection of devices
input
Note:
signal
system
output
signal
contain
Example on signal
Weather Signal
Stock Exchange Signal
Some
Interesting
System
Communication system
Message
signal
Estimate of
message
Transmitt
Received
Transmitt ed signal Channe signal Receiv signal
er
l
er
Control Systems
Reference
input x(t)
Disturbanc
e n(t)
Feedback
signal r(t)
e(t Controll
)
er
v(t
)
Plant
Sensor(s)
Output
y(t)
BioMedical System
Auditory System
Base:
Stiff region
(a)
Apex:
Flexible
region
500
Hz
4000
Hz
(b)
15, 000
Hz
Signal and System

Chapter
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
Chapter Name
Continuous time S&S
Discreet time S&S
Laplace transform
Z transform
Continuous time Fourier
analysis
Discreet time Fourier
analysis
No. of questions
in last 10 year
Papers
25
20
20
19
30
20
Classification of Signal
Signal Classification
Based on specific and inherent property
Even Signal and Odd signal
Periodic Signal and non periodic signal
Energy Signal and Power signal

Even and odd signal
Odd Functions
Even Functions
g(t) =
g(t)
g(t) = g(t)
g(t)
g(t)
t
g(t)
g(t)
t
Even and Odd Parts of Functions

The even part of signal is
The odd part of signal is
Example
Example on Even and Odd Signal
Example on Even and Odd Signal

x(t) is a saw tooth wave
Even part
Odd part
Product of
two odd Function
Product of two Even function
Product of Even function and Odd

Function
Various Combination of Even and Odd

Wave
Function
type
Both Even
Both Odd
Even and
odd
Sum
Difference
Product
Quotient
Derivatives and Integrals of

Functions
Function
type
Even
Odd
Derivative
Integral
Periodic Signals
Sine Wave if Frequency is Varied
Sine wave if phase is varied
Condition for Periodicity
X(t) = X1 (t) + X2 (t)
m1T1=m2T2 = T = Fundamental period
Example: cos(t/3)+sin(t/4)
T1=
T2 =
T1/T2=
Sum of periodic Signals Always be

Periodic!
Non-periodic Signals
x(t) x(t+T)
T=
Example : Exponential Signal
Quiz on Periodic Signal

For each of the following signals, determine whether it
is periodic and if its is find the fundamental period:
Gate question
(ECE 2009)
A function is given by f(t) = sin2t +cos2t . Which

of the following is true?
(A) f has frequency components at 0 and 1/2 Hz
(B) f has frequency components at 0 and 1/ Hz
(C) f has frequency components at 1/2 and 1/ Hz
(D) f has frequency components at 0, 1/2 and 1/ Hz
Gate question
(ECE 2014)
A discrete-time signal x[n]

(A) Periodic with period
(B) Periodic with period
(C) Periodic with period
(D)
Gate question
(EE 2014)
For the signal the minimum sampling frequency (in Hz)

satisfying the Nyquist criterion is ________
Gate question
(IN 2007)
Consider the periodic signal , where t is in seconds. Its

fundamental frequency, in Hz, is
(A) 20
(C) 100
(B) 40
(D) 200
Gate question
(IN 2008)
The fundamental period of the discrete-time signal x[n]

= is
(A) (C) 6
(B) (D) 12
Gate question
(IN 2009)
The fundamental period of x(t) = 2sin2t +3sin3t , with

t expressed in seconds, is
(A) 1s
(B) 0.67s
(C) 2s
(D) 3s
System basic Definition

Meaningful inter connection of device
Responds to input signals
Response : Combination of signals
X(t)
CT
System
Y(t)
Y(n)
X(n)
DT
System
System
Input excitation ?
Y(t)
Response ?
System ?
(t)
(t)
Classification of system
Based upon input-output relation
1) Linear and Non linear system
2) Time variant and time invariant system
3) Causal and non causal system
4) With memory and Memory less system
5) Stable and Unstable system
Linear and Nonlinear system

A system is linear if it obeys SUPERPOSITION and
HOMOGENITY
x1(
t)
x2 (
t)
.
a1
a2
.
.
.
xN(t) aN
.
.
.
.
.
x1 (
t)
x2 (
y(t
t)
)
xN(
t)
a1
a2
.
H
.
.
aN
.
y(t
)
.
.
.
SUPERPOSITION AND HOMOGENITY

contd.
Linear system
x(t ) a1 x1 (t ) a2 x2 (t )
Quiz
Check whether these system is linear
a) y(t)=x(t-2)
+2y(t)=x(t)
b) y(t)=x(t) +2
c) y(t)=x(-t)
d)
y(t)=x(2t)
e) y(t)=Re[x(t)]
f)
y(t)= sin(t)x(t)
g) y(t)+3y(t)
Gate question
(IN 2009)
For input x(t), an ideal impulse sampling system

produces the output
Where is the dirac delta function. The system is
(A) Non-linear and time invariant
(B) Non-linear and time varying
(C) Linear and time invariant
(D) Linear and time varying
Gate question
(ECE 2006)
A system with input and output is given as . The system

is
(A) linear, stable and invertible
(B) non-linear, stable and non-invertible
(C) linear, stable and non-invertible
(D) linear, unstable and invertible
Time variant Time in variant system

x(t )
y (t )
Time invariant
system
x(t t0 )
t0
y (t t0 )
t0
Procedure to test TV and TIV system

system
Y(t)
delay
Y(t-p)
X(t
)
delay
X(t-p)
system
Y(t-p)=Y(t) ??
Y(t)
Quiz
Check whether these system is Time invariant

a) y(t)=x(t-2)
+2y(t)=x(t)
g) y(t)+3y(t)
b) y(t)=x(t) +2
h)y(t)=
c) y(t)=x(-t)
d)
y(t)=x(2t)
e) y(t)=Re[x(t)]
f)
y(t)= sin(t)x(t)
Causal and non causal system

Casual: Present output depends on present and past
input
Anti Causal: Output depends only on future input
Non Causal: Output depend on present & future input
Causal system
Anticausal system
Tomorro
w
definitel
y
When you give

me
bangles!!!!!!
Comparison of
Causal,Anticausal,Noncausal system
Quiz
Check whether these system is Causal system

a) y(t)=x(t-2)
+2y(t)=x(t)
g) y(t)+3y(t)
b) y(t)=x(t) +2
h)y(t)=
c) y(t)=x(-t)
d)
y(t)=x(2t)
e) y(t)=Re[x(t)]
f)
y(t)= sin(t)x(t)
Summary
System
Linear and
non linear
Causal and
non causal
Time variant
time invariant
Mathematical
Description
Graphical
Representation
Example
Gate question
(ECE 2008)
Let x(t) be the input and y(t) be the output of a

continuous time system. Match the system properties
P1, P2 and P3 with system relations R1, R2, R3, R4.
Properties
Relations
: Linear but NOT time: y(t) = x (t)
invariant
: Time-invariant but NOT : y(t) = t |x (t)|
linear
: Linear and time: y(t) = |x (t)|
invariant
: y(t) = x (t 5)
LTI System output
Y(t) =
Steps for convolution

Introduction
Variable Transformation
Selection
Crucial point
Plotting
Convolution example
Convolution properties
Commutative Property
x(t)*h(t)=h(t)*x(
t)
Convolution properties contd

Associative property
x(t)*(h (t)*h (t))=h (t)*(x(t)*h (t))=h

1
2
1
1
2
(t)*(x(t)*h (t))

Distributive property
x(t)*(h (t)+h
(t))=h
(t)*x(t)+h
(t)*x(t)
2
2
1
1

Differentiation property
If y(t)=x(t)*h(t)
Y(t)=x(t)*h(t)
Y(t)=x(t)*h(t)

Width property
Gate question
(EE 2014)
x(t) is nonzero only for , and similarly, y(t) is nonzero

only for . Let z(t) be convolution of x(t) and y(t). Which
one of the following statements is TRUE?
(A) z(t) can be nonzero over an unbounded interval.
(B) z(t) is nonzero for t
(C) z(t) is zero outside of
(D) z(t) is nonzero for .
Summary
Signal/
system
Mathemati
cal
equation
Signal
Types of signal
System
Classification of
System
Convolution
LTI system
Future Scope
Types
Example
Animation
Quiz
1
value at t=2 sec is
2 is stable system?
3
X(t)
Find the overall impulse response
U(t)
Y(t)
Causality and Stability condition

Revisited
A system is causal if
h[t] = 0 for t<0

A system is stable if
Quiz
Classify the system
1
2
Gate question
(ECE 2008)
Let x(t) be the input and y(t) be the output of a

continuous time system. Match the system properties
P1, P2 and P3 with system relations R1, R2, R3, R4.
Properties
Relations
: Linear but NOT time: y(t) = x (t)
invariant
: Time-invariant but NOT : y(t) = t |x (t)|
linear
: Linear and time: y(t) = |x (t)|
invariant
: y(t) = x (t 5)
Gate question
continued (ECE 2008)
(A) (P1, R1), (P2, R3), (P3, R4)

(B) (P1, R2), (P2, R3), (P3, R4)
(C) (P1, R3), (P2, R1), (P3, R2)
(D) (P1, R1), (P2, R2), (P3, R3)
Gate question
continued (ECE 2008)
(A) (P1, R1), (P2, R3), (P3, R4)

(B) (P1, R2), (P2, R3), (P3, R4)
(C) (P1, R3), (P2, R1), (P3, R2)
(D) (P1, R1), (P2, R2), (P3, R3)
Gate question
(ECE 2008)
The input and output of a continuous time system are

respectively denoted by x(t) and y(t). Which of the
following description corresponds to a causal system?
(A) y(t) = x(t 2) + x (t + 4)
(B) y(t) = (t 4) x (t + 1)
(C) y(t) = (t + 4) x (t 1)
(D) y(t) = (t + 5) x (t + 5)
Gate question
(ECE 2008)
The impulse response h(t) of a linear time-invariant

continuous time system is described by
, where u(t) denotes the unit step function, and and
are real constants. This system is stable if
(A) is positive and is positive
(B) is negative and is negative
(C) is positive and is negative
(D) is negative and is positive
Gate question
(EE 2008)
The impulse response of a causal linear time-invariant system

is given as h(t). Now consider the following two statements
Statement (i): Principle of superposition holds
Statement (ii) : h(t) = 0 for t < 0
Which one of the following statements is correct?
(A) Statement (i) is correct and Statement (ii) is wrong
(B) Statement (ii) is correct and Statement (i) is wrong
(C) Both Statement (i) and Statement (ii) are wrong
(D) Both Statement (i) and Statement (ii) are correct
Gate question
(ECE 2009)
Consider a system whose input x and output y are

related by the equation :
Gate question
continued(ECE 2009)
Where h(t) is shown in the graph. Which of the

following four properties are possessed by the system?
BIBO: Bounded input gives a bounded output
Causal: The system is casual
LP : The system is low pass
LTI : The system is linear and time- invariant
(A) Casual ,LP
(C) BIBO, Casual, LTI
(B) BIBO ,LTI (D) LP , LTI

Gate question
(EE 2008)
A system with input x(t) and output y(t) is defined by

the input-output relation,
y (t) = The system will be
(A) causal, time-invariant and unstable
(B) causal, time-invariant and stable
(C) non causal, time-invariant and unstable
(D) non - causal, time-variant and unstable
Gate question
(EE 2008)

Gate question
(ECE 2011)
An input is applied to an LTI system with impulse

response The output is
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Gate question
(ECE/EE/IN 2012)
The input x(t) and output y(t) of a system are
related as y(t) = The system is

(A) time-invariant and stable
(B) stable and not time-invariant
(C) time-invariant and not stable
(D) not time-invariant and not stable
Gate question
(EE 2006)
A continuous time system is described by y(t) = ,

where y(t) is the output and x(t) is the input. y(t) is
bounded
(A) only when x(t) is bounded
(B) only when x(t) is non negative
(C) only for t 0 if x(t) is bounded for t 0
(D) even when x(t) is not bounded
Gate question
(EE 2008)
The impulse response of a causal linear time-invariant system

is given as h(t). Now consider the following two statements
Statement (i): Principle of superposition holds
Statement (ii) : h(t) = 0 for t < 0
Which one of the following statements is correct?
(A) Statement (i) is correct and Statement (ii) is wrong
(B) Statement (ii) is correct and Statement (i) is wrong
(C) Both Statement (i) and Statement (ii) are wrong
(D) Both Statement (i) and Statement (ii) are correct
Gate question
(EE 2008)

Gate question
(EE 2009)
A Linear Time Invariant system with an impulse

response h(t) produces output y(t) when input x(t)
is applied. When the input x (t) is applied to a
system with impulse response h(), the output will be
(A) y() (C) y(t )
(B) y(2(t ))
(D) y(t2 )
Gate question
(EE 2009)
A cascade of 3 Linear Time Invariant systems is causal

and unstable. From this, we conclude that
(A) Each system in the cascade is individually causal
and unstable
(B) At least one system is unstable and at least one
system is causal
(C) At least one system is causal and all systems are
unstable
(D) The majority are unstable and the majority are
causal
Gate question
The
system
relationship
(EE 2010)
represented
by
the
input-output
is
(A) Linear and causal (C) Causal but not linear
(B) Linear but not causal
causal
(D) Neither linear nor
Gate question
(EE 2011)
The response h(t) of a linear time invariant system to

an impulse (t), under initially relaxed condition is
h(t) = . The response of this system for a unit step
input u(t) is
(A) u(t) + (C)
(B) (D)
Gate question
(EE 2011)
Given two continuous time signals

x(t) = and y(t) = which exist for
t > 0 the convolution z(t) = x(t) * y(t) is
(A) (C)
(B) (D)
Gate question
(EE 2014)
Consider an LTI system with impulse response h(t) = . If

the output of the system is then the input, x(t), is
given by
(A) (C)
(B) (D)
Gate question
(IN 2007)
The signals x(t) and h(t) shown in the figures are

convolved to yield y(t) .
Which one of the following figures presents the output

y(t)?
Gate question
continued (IN 2007)
Gate question
(IN 2009)
A linear time-invariant casual system has frequency

response given in polar form as:
For input x(t) = sin t, the output is
(A) (C)
(B) (D)
Gate question
(IN 2013)
The impulse response of a system is

h(t) = t u(t). for an input u(t1), the output is
(A) (C)
(B) (D)
Queries
Discreet time Signals
x x n , n , n : integer
Discrete-Time Signal
Representations
Functional representation:
x (n)
6 for
Graphical representation
for
n 1, 3
n 0, 7
elsewhere
x(n)
Discrete-Time Signal
Representations contd..
Tabular representation:
n
-2
-1
x(n)
0.12
2.01
1.78
5.23
0.12
Sequence representation:
x ( n) K
0.12 2.01 1.78 5.23 0.12 K
Sampling
x n xa nT , T : sampling period
where
1/T is :
Sampling contd
Sampling contd
Sampling and quantization contd
Basic elementary signal

Unit step
Unit impulse
Exponential
Sinusoidal
simple signals !!!!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHp6ZuhXY9U
Unit impulse signal

1
( n)
0
for n 0
for n 0
( n)
n
Properties of impulse function

Area property
Sampling property
Convolution property
Various properties of impulse function

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvID3uG4VvE
Unit step signal
Heaviside step sequence
1
u ( n)
0
for n 0
for n 0
u (n)
n
Exponential sequence
Sinusoidal sequence
Complex signal demo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_YZ1GWpVyY
Operation on discreet time signal

X axis operation
Shifting
Scaling
Reversal
Y axis operation
Amplification
Attenuation
Amplification of DT signals
x(n)
2
1
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
-2x(n)
2
1
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
Attenuation of DT signals
x(n)
2
1
-4
-3
-2
-1
1
2
0.5x(n)
2
1
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
Time reversal
X(n)
1
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0 1
-1
1
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
-1
x(
n)
2
Time Shifting : Delaying

x(n)
1
-6
-5
-4
-3
-1
-2
0
-1
x(n
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
-1
1)
2
Time Shifting : Advancing

x(n)
1
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
-1
x
1 ( n
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
-1
+ 1)
1
Time Scaling : Compression

x(n)
1
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
-1
x(2n)
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
-1
Time Scaling : Expansion

x(n)
1
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
-1
x(0.5 n )
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
-1
Reversal , Expansion & Delaying

x(
0.5 + 0.5 n )
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
-1
Delaying and compression

x ( n 1)
1
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
-1
Advancing , Reversal & Compression

x (
2n+ 1)
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
-1
Summary
Summary contd..
n Kn
Quiz
If x[n]={-5,2,3,0,-3,6,1} and y[n]={-2,-8,3,0,0,4,5}

Then sequence
1: x[n] + y[n]
2: x[n] - y[n]
3: x[n] . y[n]
4:x[-n-4].y[-3n-6]
is
is
is
is
Gate question
(EE 2008)
Given a sequence x[n], to generate the sequence y[n] = x[34n], which one of the
following procedures would be correct?.
(A) First delay x[n] by 3 samples to generate [n], then pick every 4th sample of z1[n]
to generate z2[n], and then finally time reverse z2[n] to obtain y[n]
(B) First advance x[n] by 3 samples to generate Z1[n], and then pick every 4th
samples of z1[n] to generate z2 [n] and then finally time reverse Z2[n] to obtain
y[n]
(C) First pick every fourth sample of x[n] to generate time-reverse
to obtain & finally advance by 3 sample to obtain y[n]
(D) First pick every fourth sample of x[n] to generate V1[n], time-reverse V1[n] to
obtain V2[n], and finally delay V2[n] by 3 samples to obtain Y[n]
Classification of DT signal
DT Signal classification
Based on specific and inherent property
Even Signal and Odd signal
Periodic Signal and non periodic signal
Energy Signal and Power signal

Even and odd DT Signals

g n g n
ge n
g n g n
2
g n g n
go n
g n g n
2
Combination of Even and Odd signals

Function
type
Both even
Both odd
Even and
odd
Sum
Difference
Product
Quotient
Product of two even function
Product of even function and odd

function
Product of two odd function
Even and odd part of signals

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqWuyAB-t5A
Discreet time Sinusoidal sequence
Periodic discreet time signal

If x[n]=x[n+N] for all n
w0 N 2 k , where k is integer
Example of periodic signal

x1[n] =cos( n/ 4)
(3 n/ 8)
x2[n] =cos
Example of periodic signal contd

1
If y[n]=x [n]+x [n]

Then signal is periodic if
N1/N2=P/Q=RATIONAL
NUMBER
N1=
N2 =
N1/N2=
Periodicity of DT signal
Period is given by
LCM of N1,N2,N3,
..
Period of above signal is ----------------
Periodicity of DT signal contd
High and Low Frequencies in Discrete-time

signal
(a) w0 = 0 or 2
(b) w0 = /8 or 15/8
(c) w0 = /4 or 7/4
(d) w0 =
Non periodic signal

o
If x[n] x[n+N] for all n
N is not defined
Example
x [n] =cos( n/ 6)
is non periodic signal
Gate question
(IN 2007)
Consider the periodic signal , where t is in seconds. Its

fundamental frequency, in Hz, is
(A) 20
(C) 100
(B) 40
(D) 200
Quiz on Periodic Signal
Gate question
(ECE 2014)
A discrete-time signal x[n]

(A) Periodic with period
(B) Periodic with period
(C) Periodic with period
(D)
Gate question
(IN 2008)
The fundamental period of the discrete-time signal x[n]

= is
(A) (C) 6
(B) (D) 12
Gate question
(EC/IN 2013)
The impulse response of a continuous time system is

given by
h(t) = . The value of the step response at t = 2 is
(A) 0
(C) 2
(B) 1
(D) 3
Energy and Power signal

Energy
signal
Ex
x n
For energy signal
0<E< and P =0
Power signal
average signal
power =
N 1
2
1
Px lim
x n
N 2 N
n N
Power Signal Contd..

1
Px
N
n N
x n
average signal power for periodic

signal
For Power
Signal
0<P< and E=
Quiz
Check whether the signal are power or energy signal
System basic definition

Meaningful inter connection of device
Responds to input signals
Response : Combination of signals
X(n)
DT
System
Y(n)
Classification of system
Based upon input-output relation
1) Linear and Non linear system
2) Time variant and time invariant system
3) Causal and non causal system
4) With memory and Memory less system
5) Stable and Unstable system
Linear and Nonlinear system

A system is linear if it obeys SUPERPOSITION and
HOMOGENITY
x1(n
a1
x1(n
)
)
x2(n
)
a2
xN(n)
aN
x2(n)
y(n)
.
.
xN(n)
a1
a2
aN
y(n
)
SUPERPOSITION AND HOMOGENITY

contd.
Linear system
Quiz
Check whether these system is linear
a) y(n)=x(n-2)
b) y(n)=x(n) +2
c) y(n)=x(-n)
d)
y(n)=x(2n)
e)
y(n)= sin(n)x(n)
f) g) y(n)+3y(n)+2y(n)=x(n)
Gate question
(IN 2009)
For input x(t), an ideal impulse sampling system

produces the output
Where is the dirac delta function. The system is
(A) Non-linear and time invariant
(B) Non-linear and time varying
(C) Linear and time invariant
(D) Linear and time varying
Gate question
(ECE 2006)

is
Gate question
(ECE 2006)

is
Time variant time in variant system

x(n)
y(n)
Time invariant
system
x(nn0)
n0
y(nn0)
n0
Procedure to test TV and TIV system

system
Y(n)
delay
Y(n-p)
X(n)
delay
X(n-p)
system
Y(n-p)=Y(n) ??
Y(n)
Quiz
Check whether these system is Time invariant

a) y(n)=x(n-2)
b) y(n)=x(n) +2
c) y(n)=x(-n)
d)
y(n)=x(2n)
e)
y(n)= sin(n)x(n)
Causal and non causal system

Casual: Present output depends on present and past
input
Anti Causal: Output depends only on future input
Non Causal: Output depend on present & future input
Causal sequence
Non causal DT signal
Quiz
Check whether these system is Causal system

a) y(n)=x(n-2)
b) y(n)=x(n) +2
c) y(n)=x(-n)
d)
y(n)=x(2n)
e)
y(n)= sin(n)x(n)
Summary
System
Linear and
non linear
Causal and
non causal
Time variant
time invariant
Mathematical
description
Graphical
representation
Example
Convolution Sum
y[ n ]
x[k ]h[n k ]
Convolution Sum
contd
x n h n
y[n] = 0
y[-1] =1
y[0] =2
y[1] =-2
y[2] =-3
y[3] =1
y[4] =1
y[n] = 0
-1
for n <
for n >
x k h n k
Convolution demo video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n59p3KNLYUQ
Steps for convolution

Introduction
Variable Transformation
Selection
Crucial point
Plotting
Convolution properties
Commutative Property
x(n)*h(n)=h(n)*x(
n)

Associative property
x(n)*(h (n)*h (n))=h (n)*(x(n)*h (n))=h (n)*(x(n)*h

1
1
2
1
2
(n)) 2

Distributive property
x(t)*(h (n)+h
(n))=h1 (n)*x(n)+h
(n)*x(n)
2
2
1

Differentiation property
If y(n)=x(n)*h(n)
Y(n)=x(n)*h(n)
Y(n)=x(n)*h(n)
Gate question
(ECE 2014)
The sequence x[n] = u[n] , where u[n] is the unit step

sequence, is convolved with itself to obtain y[n]. Then
is___________
Summary
Signal/
system
Mathematic
al equation
signal
Types of
signal
system
Classification
of system
convolution
LTI system
Future scope
Types
Example
Animation
Causality condition revisited

A system is causal if
h[n] = 0 for n<0
Stability condition revisited

A system is stable if
h(n k) <
-
k= -
Gate question
(ECE/EE/IN 2012)
Let y[n] denote the convolution of h[n] and g[n], where

h[n]= (1/2)n u[n] and g[n] is causal sequence. If y[0]=1
and y[1]=1/2, then g[1] equals
(A) 0
(C) 1
(B)
(D) 3/2
Gate question
(ECE 2008)
A discrete time linear shift-invariant system has an

impulse response h[n] with , and zero otherwise. The
system is given an input sequence x[n] with x[0] =
x[2] =1, and zero otherwise. The number of nonzero
samples in the output sequence y[n] and the value of
y[2] are, respectively
(A) 5, 2
(C) 6, 1
(B) 6, 2
(D) 5, 3
Gate question
(ECE 2014)
Consider a discrete-time signal

If y[n] is the convolution of x[n] with itself, the value
of y[4] is ______.
Gate question
(EE 2006)
= 0; n < 1, n > 0, x [ 1] = 1,
x[n]
x[ 0 ] = 2 is the input and

y[ n ] = 0; n < 1, n > 2, y [ 1 ] = 1 = y [1],
y [ 0 ] = 3, y[ 2 ] = 2 is the output of a discrete time LTI
system. The system impulse response h [ n ] will be
(A) h [ n ] = 0; n < 0, n > 2, h[ 0 ] = 1, h [ 1 ] = h [ 2 ] = 1
(B) h [ n ] = 0; n <1, n > 1, h[1 ] = 1, h [ 0 ] = h [ 1 ] = 2
(C) h [ n ] = 0; n < 0, n > 3, h[ 0 ] = 1, h [ 1 ] =2, h [ 2 ] = 1
(D) h [ n ] = 0; n <2, n > 1, h[ 2 ] = h [ 1 ] =h [1] = h [ 0 ] = 3
Gate question
(EE 2011)
The response h(t) of a linear time invariant system to

an impulse (t), under initially relaxed condition is
h(t) = . The response of this system for a unit step
input u(t) is
(A) u(t) + (C)
(B) (D)
Gate question
(IN 2008)
Consider a discrete-time LTI system with input [n] =

[n] + [n1] and impulse response h[n] = [n] [n1]. The
output of the system will be given by
(A) [n] [n2]
(C) [n1]+[n2]
(B) [n] [n1]
(D) [n]+[n1]+[n2]
Fourier Analysis of Signals

Chapter Number
No. of questions in last 15

year Papers
Continuous time Fourier series
10
Continuous time Fourier Transform
23
Discrete time Fourier Transform
20
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830)

Born: 21 March 1768
Died: 16 May 1830
Had crazy idea (1807)
Harmonics ???
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LznjC4Lo7lE
Time Domain and Frequency Domain
Example of Fourier work
Fourier Series
Harmonics variatation
Fourier series representation

if
X(t+T)=x(t)
Fourier series representation contd
X(t)=
n=
where
Cn =
Dirichlet Conditions
Absolutely integrable
Finite maxima and minima

Finite discontinuities
Example : Rectangular pulse train
Amplitude spectrum and phase

spectrum
Gibbs Phenomenon
Gibbs Phenomenon contd.
Gibbs Phenomenon
Gibbs Phenomenon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_-iLS3V-nA
Properties of Fourier Series

Linearity
x(t)
y(t)
ak
bk
x(t)+y(t)
Properties of Fourier Series contd..

Time shifting
x(t)
x(t-t
0
ak
Properties of Fourier Series contd

Time Reversal
x(t)
x(-t)
ak

Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry
x(t)
x*(t)
ak
Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry
x(t)
Nature of
ak
x(t)
X(t) real even

X(t) real odd
Ev x(t) {x(t)real}
Od x(t) {x(t)real}
x*(t)
Natureaof
k
Properties of Fourier series contd
Time Scaling
x(t)
x(at)
ak

Multiplication
x(t)
y(t)
x(t).y(t)
ak
bk
Properties of Fourier Series contd..

Differential Property
x(t)
x(t)
ak
Parsevals Theorem
The average power signal is
|c
Quiz
The ratio of power of 7th harmonic to power in 2nd harmonic

is
If c-(3 ) is 3+j5 then c-(-3)
n=
Summary
Properties
Mathematic
al
Description
Harmonics
Power
Fourier Series
Component
symmetry
Rms value
Average value
Time
frequency
duality
Example
Spectrum
Description
Nature
Fourier Series Revisited

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SpzNQOOBeRg
Gate question
(EE 2010)
The period of the signal

x(t) = 8 is
(A) 0.4s(C) 1.25s
(B) 0.8s(D) 2.5s
Gate question
(ECE 2011)
The trigonometric Fourier series of an even function

does not have the
(A) dc term
(C) sine terms
(B) cosine terms
(D) odd harmonic terms
Gate question
(ECE 2009)
The Fourier series of a real periodic function has only

P. cosine terms if it is even
Q. sine terms if it is even
R. cosine terms if it odd
S. sine terms if it is odd
Which of the above statement are correct?
(A) P and S
(C) Q and S
(B) P and R
(D) Q and R
Gate question
(EE 2009)
The
Fourier Series coefficient, of a periodic signal x(t), expressed as
x(t) = are given by
= j1;
= 0.5 + j0.2;
= j2; =0.5 j0.2;
=2+
j1; and = 0; for > 2.Which of the following is true?

(A) x(t) has finite energy because only finitely many coefficients are nonzero
(B) x(t) has zero average value because it is periodic
(C) The imaginary part of x(t) is constant
(D) The real part of x(t) is even
Gate question
(EE 2010)
The second harmonic component of the periodic

waveform given in the figure has an amplitude of
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2/ (D)
Gate question
(EE 2011)
The Fourier series expansion

f(t) = of the periodic signal shown below will contain
the following nonzero terms
Gate question
continued (EE 2011)
(A)
and , n = 1, 3, 5, . . . .
(B) and , n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
(C) and , n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
(D) and , n = 1, 3, 5, . . . .
Gate question
(EE 2014)
For a periodic square wave, which one of the following

statements is TRUE?
(A) The Fourier series coefficients do not exist.
(B)
The Fourier series coefficients exist

reconstruction converges at no point.
but
the
(C)
The Fourier series coefficients exist

reconstruction converges at most points.
and
the
(D) The Fourier series coefficients exist

reconstruction converges at every point.
and
the
Gate question
(IN 2006)
The Fourier series for a periodic signal is given as, x(t)

= cos (1.2t) + cos (2t) + cos (2.8 t). The
fundamental frequency of the signal is
(A) 0.2 Hz
(C) 1.0 Hz
(B) 0.6 Hz
(D) 1.4 Hz
Gate question
(IN 2010)
f(x), shown in the adjoining figure is represented by

The value of is
(A) 0
(B) (C) (D) 2
Gate question
(EE 2014)
A function f(t) is shown in the figure.

The Fourier transform is
(A) real and even function of .
(B) real and odd function of .
(C) imaginary and odd function of .
(D) imaginary and even function of .
Gate question
(EE 2006)
x(t)
is a real valued function of a real variable with

period T. Its trigonometric Fourier Series expansion
contains no terms of frequency = 2 (2k) / T;
k = 1, 2... Also, no sine terms are present. Then x(t)

satisfies the equation
(A) x(t) = x (t T)
(C) x(t) = x (T t) = x (t T/2)
(B) x(t) = x (T t) = x (t) (D) x(t) = x (t T) = x(t T/2)
Gate question
(EE 2008)
Let x (t) be a periodic signal with time period T. Let for

some t0. The Fourier Series coefficients of y (t) are
denoted by .
If = 0 for all odd k, then t0 can be equal to
(A)
(B) (D) 2T
(C)
Gate question
(IN 2011)
Consider
a periodic signal x(t) as shown below
It has a Fourier series representation

Which one of the following statements is TRUE?
Gate question
continued (IN 2011)
(A)
for k odd integer and T = 3
(B) , for k even integer and T = 3
(C) for k even integer and T = 6
(D) , for k odd integer and T = 6
Gate question
(ECE 2012)
The Fourier transform of a signal is

. The value of h(0) is
(A) 1/4
(C) 1
(B) 1/2
(D) 2
Fourier Transform
Application of Fourier Transform

Biometrics
Image processing
System analysis
Filtering
And Many
more.
Fourier Transform in Biometrics
natural
fake
Image Processing in the Fourier

Magnitude Domain
of the FT
Image Processing in the Fourier Domain

Magnitude of the FT
Convolution is Multiplication in Fourier Domain

|F(sx,sy)|
f(x,y)
*
h(x,y)
|H(sx,sy)|
g(x,y)
|G(sx,sy)|
Low-pass Filtering
Fourier Transform animation
Fourier Transform introduction
Aperiodic signal in term of exponentials ejt
X ( )
j t
x
(
t
)
e
dt
X ( ) X ( ) e X ( )
Amplitude (Magnitude) Spectrum
Phase Spectrum
Fourier Transform Introduction contd

Example
f(t)
et
F
t
etU(t)
Fourier Transform introduction

contd
Example contd
X(j)
arg{X(j)}
/4
/4
/2
Inverse Fourier Transform
1
x(t )
2
X
(
)
e
j t
Link b/w FS and FT
xT0 (t)
xT(t)
Link b/w FS and FT contd

Ck
X ( )
Fourier transform representation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lZH9wlh1MQ
Fourier Transform of special function

Impulse function
if
(T)
then X
=
F(j)
(t)
F
0

contd..
Constant signal
if
then X
=
F(j)
A2()
A
0

contd..
Sinusoidal Functions
if x(t)=cos t
0
then X
x(t)=cos 0t
(+ 0)
t
fF
0
X(j)
( 0)

contd..
Unit Step Function
if
then X
=
|F(j)|
f(t)
0
()
0
Fourier Transform of Rectangular

Signal
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4c9ojz6hJg
Summary
Function
t
tn
(t)
Fourier transform
Summary contd
Function
cos0t
cos0t
Sgn(t)
Fourier transform
Properties of the Fourier Transform

Linearity
let
and
then

contd
x (t ) p4 (t ) p2 (t )
Example: Linearity
X()

contd
Time scaling
let
then
X(at)

contd
Example: Time scaling

contd
Time reversal
let
then
x(-t)

contd
Time shifting
let
then
x(t-t 0 )

contd
Example :Time shifting
x (t ) p2 (t 1)
X()
Gate question
(ECE 2006)
Let x(t) X(j) be Fourier Transform pair. The Fourier

Transform of the signals x(5t3) in terms of X(j) is given
as
(A) X (C) X
(B) X (D) X

contd
Frequency shifting
let
then
x(t)

contd
Multiplication by sinusoids (Amplitude
Modulation)
let
then x(t)
cos0t

contd
Amplitude Modulation contd..
Modulation
DEModulation

contd
Amplitude Modulation contdEnvelope Detector

contd
Multiplication by sinusoids (Frequency Divison
Multiplexing)

contd
Differentiation in the Frequency Domain
t x(t)
n

contd
Differentiation in the Time Domain
x(t)

contd
Duality ( Similarity)
let
then
X(t)

contd
Integration in the Time Domain
let
then

contd
Convolution and Multiplication in the Time
domain
x(t)
X()
y(t)
Y()
x(t)*y(t)

contd
Parsevals Theorem
2
Help Doraemon..!!!!!!
Nobita
I want Fourier
transform of
Fourier Transform of Periodic Signal
Let x(t) =x(t+T)
k=
X()=
Example of FT of Periodic signals
3T
2T
2T
3T
20
30
F
2/T
30
20
Summary
operation
Linearity
Time Shifting
Frequency Shifting
Scaling
Time Convolution
Frequency Convolution
Time Differentiation
Time Integration
x(t)
X(j)
Sinchan wants answer from you.!!!!

1
1)If input x(t) = e-at u(t)
h(t) = e-bt u(t)
the system response at t=2 sec is..
Wait!!!!!
2) If y(t)=x(2t-3) find the
Fourier transform of Y()
in terms of X() if
X(t )is
One
more!!!!
!
Sampling Theorem
x(t) =x(nT) =
X() =
Sample video on sampling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tbLDvajIKdk
Reconstructing the Signal from the

Samples
LPF
Aliasing
Gate question
(EE 2007)
The frequency spectrum of a signal is shown in the

figure. If this signal is ideally sampled at intervals of 1
ms, then the frequency spectrum of the sampled signal
will be
Gate question
continued(EE 2007)
Sample video for Reconstruction of

samples
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Rklek5z6uk
Gate question
(ECE 2008)
The signal x(t) is described by

x(t) =.
Two of the angular frequencies at which its Fourier
transform becomes zero are
(A) ,2
(C) 0,
(B) 0.5,1.5
(D) 2,2.5
Gate question
(ECE 2013)
Let g(t) = and h(t) is a filter matched to g(t). If g(t) is

applied as input to h(t) , then the Fourier transform of
the output is
(A) (C)
(B) (D)
Gate question
(ECE 2014)
For a function g(t), it is given that for any real value if

y(t) =
(A) 0
(B) (D)
(C)
Gate question
(EE 2007)
A single x(t) is given by

Which among the following gives the fundamental
Fourier term of x(t)?
(A) (C)
(B) (D)
Gate question
(EE 2008)
Let x(t) = rect

(where rect (x) = 1) for x and zero otherwise). Then
if , the Fourier Transform of x(t) + x(t) will be given by
(A)
(C)
(B) (D)
Gate question
(EE 2014)
Let
f(t) be a continuous time signal and let F() be its Fourier
Transform defined by
.Define g(t) by,
What is the relationship between f(t) and g(t) ?
(A) g(t) would always be proportional to f(t).
(B) g(t) would be proportional to f(t) if f(t) is an even function.
(C) g(t) would be proportional to f(t) only if f(t) is a sinusoidal
function.
(D) g(t) would never be proportional to f(t).
Gate question
(EE 2014)
A differentiable non constant even function x(t) has a

derivative y(t), and their respective Fourier Transforms
are X() and Y(). Which of the following statements is
TRUE?
(A) X() and Y() are both real.
(B) X() is real and Y() is imaginary.
(C) X() and Y() are both imaginary.
(D) X() is imaginary and Y() is real.
Gate question
(IN 2006)
The Fourier transform of a function g(t) is given as

G()=Then the function g(t) is given as,
(A) (t) + 2exp(3)
(B) (D)
(C)
Gate question
(IN 2006)
If the waveform, shown in the

following figure, corresponds to the
second derivative of a given function
f(t), then the Fourier transform of f(t)
is
(A) (C)
(B) (D)
Gate question
(IN 2006)
The magnitude of fourier transform of a function x(t) is

shown below in figure (a). The magnitude of fourier
transform of another function y(t) is shown below in
figure(b). The phases of and are zero for all . The
magnitude frequency units are identical in both the
figures. The function y(t) can be expressed in terms of
x(t) as
Gate question
(A) (C)
(B) (D)
continued(IN 2006)
Gate question
(EE 2010)
is a positive rectangular pulse from with unit height as

shown in the figure. The value of { where is the Fourier
transform of } is
(A) 2
(B) 2 (C) 4
(D) 4
Gate question
(IN 2007)
Let the signal x(t) have the Fourier transform X().

Consider the signal
y(t) = where is an arbitrary delay. The magnitude of
the Fourier transform of y(t) is given by the expression
(A)
(B) .
(C) .
(D) ..
Gate question
(IN 2008)
The fourier transform x(t) = when u(t) is unit step

function,
(A) Exist for any real value of a
(B) Does not exist for any real value of a
(C) Exists if any real value of a is strictly negative
(D) Exists if the real value of a is strictly positive
Link between Continuous and

Sampling Theorem
Discretex(t)trans.
x(n)
x(t)
x(n)
t
Continuous
Discrete
x(t) Laplace Transform
X ( s)
x(t )e
st
X(s)
dt
x(n)
z Transform
X ( z)
x(t)
X ( )
x(t )e
j t
x ( n) z
X(z)
Fourier Transform
dt
x(n)
Discrete Fourier Transform
X(k)
X(j)
X (k )
N -1
x ( n )e
n 0
2k
n
N
Discreet Time Fourier

Transform
(DTFT)
Discreet time Fourier Transform(DTFT)

DTFT of signal is given by
X ( ) DTFT x (n)
j n
x
(
n
)
e
1
x (n) IDTFT X ( )
2
j n
X
(
)
e
d
Discreet Time Fourier Transform(DTFT)

DTFT spectrum
x(n)
X()
..
..
N
-1
discrete time
The DTFTX()
period
-
continuous frequency
is periodic with 2
Example on DTFT
x[n]
DTFT
N 1
Example on DTFT contd
Quiz
Identify the signal and spectrum of above two slides
Find the Fourier transform of
a
) (n)
b) (-n-4)
c)
d)
Example on DTFT contd

DT Rectangular pulse
Properties of DTFT
Sno :
Property
name
Periodicity
Linearity
Time shifting
Frequency
Shifting
Mathematical
Description
(TD) x(n)
Mathematical
Description(FD)
X(
)
Nature
Properties of DTFT contd

S no:
Property Name
Mathematical
Description (TD)
x(n)
5
Time reversal
Conjugation
Symmetry
Accumulation
Convolution
Multiplication
Mathematical
Description(FD)
X(
)
Nature
Gate question
(ECE 2007)
A
5-point sequence x[n] is given as
x[3]=1, x[2]=1, x[1]=0, x[0]=5,
x[1]=1. Let X( denote the discrete-time Fourier
transform of x[n]. The value of
(A) 5
(C) 16
(B) 10
(D)
Gate question
(ECE 2014)
Consider a discrete time periodic signal x[n] = Let be

the complex Fourier series coefficients of x[n]. The
coefficients {} are non-zero when
, where m is any integer. The value of B is ______.
Gate question
(ECE 2014)
A Fourier transform pair is given by

Where u[n] denotes the unit step sequence. The
values of A is ______.
Gate question
(EE 2014)
A discrete system is represented by the difference

equation
It has initial conditions
. The pole locations of the system for a = 1, are
(A) (C)
(B) (D)
Gate question
(IN 2007)
Consider the discrete-time signal

x[n] = u, where u=. Define the signal y[n] as y[n] =
x[n],
(A)
(C)
(B) (D) 3
Gate question
(IN 2014)
x (k)is the Discrete Fourier Transform of a 6-point real

sequence
x ().
If is
(A) 3
(B) 9
(C) 15
(D) 18
Pierre Simon marquis de Laplace

Born: 21 March 1745
Died: 16 May 1827
Had crazy idea (1807)
Laplace Transform
Application of Fourier Transform

Control system
Celestial mechanics
Pattern recognition
Differential equation solution
And Many
more.
Laplace Transform in Control System
Laplace Transform in Celestial

Mechanics
Laplace Transform in Pattern Recognition
Differential Equation Solution from

LT
Laplace Transform introduction

General signal in term of exponentials e-st
x(t)=
Laplace Transform Introduction contd
Exampl
e
f(t)
et
t
etU(t)

f(t)

Ist
4th
t
LT
SAME!!!
Region of Convergence
j
f(t)
Re{s}>-a
eat
t
-a
Re
Region of Convergence contd

j
Re{s}< -a
-a
Re
Properties of ROC
ROC is strip parallel to j axis
j
strips
Properties of ROC
ROC does not contains poles
Properties of ROC
finite duration absolutely integrable ROC is the
j entire splane
X(t)
T1
t
T2
Re
Properties of ROC
0
If x(t) is right sided

0
Re{s}> ROC
-a
Re
Properties of ROC
0
If x(t) is Left sided

0
Re{s}< ROC
-a
Re
Properties of ROC
0
If x(t) is two sided

0
2
1
<Re{s}<
Can u Help Huey Dewey and Louie!!!!!!!!

Exampl
e
X(S)=
What is
ROC if
Signal is
Right Sided
uncle
Scrooge !!!
!!!!!!!!

Exampl
e
X(S)=
What is
ROC if
Signal is
Left Sided
uncle
Scrooge !!!
!!!!!!!!

Exampl
e
X(S)=
What is
ROC if
Signal is
Two Sided
uncle
Scrooge !!!
!!!!!!!!
Laplace Transform of special function
Impulse function
if
(T)
then X
ROC =
(t)
F
0

contd..
Constant signal
if
then X
ROC =
A
0

contd..
Sinusoidal Functions
if x(t)=cos t
0
then X
ROC =
x(t)=cos 0t
t
fF

contd..
Unit Step Function
if
then X
ROC =
f(t)
0
Summary
Function
t
tn
(t)
Laplace transform
Summary
contd
Function
Laplace
Transform
cos0t
sin0t
Sgn(t)
Region of
Convergence
Properties of the Laplace Transform

contd
Linearity
let
and
then
ROC=R1
ROC=R2
ROC=R3 =

contd
x (t ) p4 (t ) p2 (t )
Example: Linearity
X(S)

contd
Time scaling
let
then
x(at)
ROC=R
ROC=R1 =

contd
Example: Time scaling

contd
Time reversal
let
then
x(-t)
ROC=R
ROC=R1 =

contd
Time shifting
let
then
x(t-t 0 )
ROC=R
ROC=R1 =

contd
Example :Time shifting
x (t ) p2 (t 1)
X()

contd
Frequency shifting
let
then
ROC=R
x(t)
ROC=R1 =

contd
Multiplication by sinusoids (Amplitude
Modulation)
let
then x(t)
ROC=R
cos0t
ROC=R1 =

contd
Differentiation in the Frequency Domain
t x(t)
n
ROC=R
ROC=R1 =

contd
Differentiation in the Time Domain
ROC=R
x(t)
ROC=R1 =

contd
Integration in the Time Domain
let
then
ROC=R
ROC=R1 =

contd
Convolution and Multiplication in the Time
domain
x(t)
X() ROC=R
y(t)
Y() ROC=R
x(t)*y(t)
ROC=R3 =
Causality condition in Laplace Domain

Roc is right sided
Stability condition in Laplace Domain

Roc include j axis
Initial value Theorem
x(t)
t
X(S) s
Final value Theorem
x(t)
t
X(S) s
Quiz
Find the Laplace transform of
0
Find the inverse laplace transform of X(s=) Log

If x(t)= what is constraints on such that ROC is
Re{s}>-3
Summary
operation
Linearity
Time Shifting
Frequency Shifting
Scaling
Time Convolution
Frequency Convolution
Time Differentiation
Time Integration
x(t)
X(s)
Quiz
Consider an LTI system described by differential
equation governed by
Y(t)-Y(t)-2Y(t)=X(t) find
impulse response of system for
A)Causal unstable system
B)Anticausal unstable system
C)Noncausal stable system
Gate question
(ECE 2008)
The signal x(t) is described by

x(t) =.
Two of the angular frequencies at which its Fourier
transform becomes zero are
(A) ,2
(C) 0,
(B) 0.5,1.5
(D) 2,2.5
Gate question
(ECE 2006)
Consider the function f(t) having Laplace transform F(s)

= ; Re[s]>0. The final value of f(t) would be
(A) 0
(C) 1 < f() < 1
(B) 1
(D)
Gate question
(ECE 2007)
If the Laplace transform of a signal y(t) is Y(s)=; then

its final value is
(A) 1
(C) 1
(B) 0
(D)Unbounded
Gate question
(ECE 2009)
An LTI system having transfer function and input x(t) =

sin(t+1) is in steady state. The output is sampled at a
rate rad/s to obtain the final output
{y(k)}. Which of
the following is true?
(A) Y() is zero for all sampling frequency
(B) Y() is nonzero for all sampling frequency
(C) Y() is nonzero for > 2 , but zero for < 2
(D) Y() is zero for > 2 , but nonzero for < 2
Gate question
(ECE 2009)
Given that F(s) is the one-sided Laplace transform of

f(t), the Laplace transform of
(A) sF(s) f(0)
(B)
(C)
(D) [F(s) f(0)]
Gate question
(ECE 2010)
A continuous time LTI system is described by

Assuming zero initial conditions, the response y(t) of
the above system for the input
(A)
(C)
(B)
(D)
Gate question
(ECE 2011)
If then the initial and final values of are respectively

(A) 0, 2
(C) 0, 2/7
(B) 2, 0
(D) 2/7, 0
Gate question
(ECE 2013)
A system is described by the differential equation .

Let x(t) be a rectangular pulse given by
Assuming that y (0) =0 and at t =0, the Laplace
transform of y(t) is
(A)
(C)
(B)
(D)
Gate question
(EE 2006)
The
running integrator, given by
(A) has no finite singularities in its double sided Laplace
Transform Y(s)
(B) produces a bounded output for every casual bounded input
(C) produces bounded output for every anticasual bounded
input
(D) has no finite zeros in its double sided Laplace Transform Y
(s)
Gate question
(EE 2010)
Common
Data for Questions:

Given and as shown below:
Gate question
continued (EE 2010)
can be expressed as
(A)
(C)
(B)
(D)
The Laplace transform of is

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Gate question
(EE 2011)
Let
the Laplace transform of a function f(t) which exists for t
> 0 be and the Laplace transform of its delayed version f

be . Let (s) be the complex conjugate of with the Laplace
variable set as a s = + j. If
G(s) = , then the inverse Laplace transform of G(s) is
(A) an ideal impulse (t)
(B) an ideal delayed impulse (t )
(C) an ideal step function u(t)
(D) an ideal delayed step function u(t )
Gate question
(EE 2012)
Consider the differential equation
(A) 2
(C) 0
(B) 1
(D) 1
Gate question
(IN 2006)
Given, the function x(t) is

(A)
(C)
(B)
(D)
Gate question
(IN 2010)
u(t) represents the unit step function. The Laplace

transform of u(t-) is
(A)
(C)
(B)
(D)
Gate question
(IN 2013)
The discrete-time transfer function is

(A) Non minimum phase and unstable.
(B) Minimum phase and unstable.
(C) Minimum phase and stable.
(D) Non-minimum phase and stable.
Gate question
(IN 2014)
The transfer function of a system is given by

The input to the system is ()=sin100t . In periodic
steady state the output of the system is found to be
y(t)=A sin(100t ). The phase angle () in degree is
___________.
Z Transform
Z Transform introduction
General signal in term of exponentials
X(Z)=
Complex Z Plane
Convergence for Z Transform
X re
jw
x n r
n
Region of Convergence
set of values of z for which the z-transform converges
ROC

Right sided sequence
ROC

left sided sequence
ROC
Properties of ROC
Properties of ROC
Unit circle plot
Quiz
Function
Z transform
ROC
Causality condition in Z Domain

Roc is outside to unit circle
Stability condition in Z Domain

Roc include unit circle
Initial value Theorem
x(n)
n
X(Z) z
Final value Theorem
x(n)
n
X(Z)
Properties of Z Transform
operation
Linearity
Time Shifting
Time expansion
Scaling in Z domain
Convolution
Accumulation
Differencing
Differentiation in Z
domain
x(n)
X(Z)
ROC
Quiz
Consider an LTI system described by differential
equation governed by
Y(n-2)-Y(n-1)-2Y(n)=X(n) find
impulse response of system for
A)Causal unstable system
B)Anticausal unstable system
C)Noncausal stable system
Gate question
(ECE 2006)
If the region of convergence of

[n] +[n] is 1/3 < |z|<2/3, then the region of
convergence of [n] [n] includes
(A) < |z|< 3
(C) < |z|< 3
(B) < |z|< 3
(D) < |z|<
Gate question
(ECE 2007)
The z-transform x[z] of a sequence x[n] is given by x[z]

= . It is given that the region of convergence of x[z]
includes the unit circle. The value of x[0] is
(A) 0.5
(B) 0
(C) 0.25
(D) 0.5
Gate question
(ECE 2008)
Statement for linked questions:

In the following network, the switch is closed at t =
and the sampling starts from t = 0. The sampling
frequency is 10Hz.
Gate question
continued(ECE 2008)
The
samples x [n] (n = 0, 1, 2, ...) are given by
(A) 5 (1 )
(B) 5
(C) 5 (1 )
(D) 5
The expression and the region of convergence of the z-transform of the sampled
signal are
(A) , |z| < e-5 (C) , | z | > e-0.05
(B) , | z | < e-0.05
(D) , |z| > e-5
Gate question
(ECE 2009)
The ROC of Z-Transform of the discrete time sequence ,

x[n] = is
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Gate question
(ECE 2010)
Consider the z-transform

; . The inverse z-transform x[n] is
(A) 5
(B) 5
(C) 5
(D) 5
Gate question
(ECE 2010)
transfer function of a discrete time LTI system is given by

The
Consider the following statements:

S1: The system is stable and causal for ROC:
S2: The system is stable but not causal for ROC:
S3: The system is neither stable nor causal for ROC:
Which one of the following statements is valid?
(A) Both S1 and S2 are true
(C) Both S1 and S3 are true
(B) Both S2 and S3 are true
(D) S1, S2 and S3 are all true
Gate question
(ECE 2011)
Two
systems and are connected in
cascade as shown below. The overall

output y(n) is the same as the input
x(n) with a one unit delay. The transfer
function of the second system is
(A)
(C)
(B)
(D)
Gate question
(ECE/EE/IN 2012)
If then the region of convergence (ROC) of its Ztransform in the Z-plane will be
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Gate question
(ECE 2014)
Let. The region of convergence (ROC) of the ztransform of x[n]

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D) Does not exist
Gate question
(ECE 2014)
Let . Let be the -transform of []. If 0.5+j0.25 is a zero

of which one of the following must also be a zero of
(A)
(C)
(B)
(D)
Gate question
(ECE 2014)
The z-transform of the sequence x[n] is given by

with the region of convergence. . Then, x [2] is_______.
Gate question
(EE 2007)
discrete time signal

The
x[n] X (Z) = ,
Where
denotes a transform pair relationship, is
orthogonal to the signal

(A) [ n ] ( z ) =
(B) [ n ] ( z ) =
(C) [ n ] ( z ) =
(D) [ n ] ( z ) = + +1
Gate question
(EE 2008)
Given X (z) = with > a, the residue of X(z) at z = a for

n 0 will be
(A) an-1
(B) an
(C) nan
(D) nan-1
Gate question
(EE 2008)
H (z) is a transfer function of a real system. (When a

signal x[n] = (1 + j)n is the input to such a system, the
output is zero. Further, the region of convergence (ROC)
of H(z) is the entire Z-plane (Except z = 0). It can then
be inferred that H (z) can have a minimum of
(A) one pole and one zero
zero
(C) two poles and one
(B) one pole and two zero

zeros
(D) two poles and two
Gate question
(EE 2014)
Let be the Z-transform of a causal signal x[n]. Then,

the values of x[2] and x[3] are
(A) 0 and 0
(C) 1 and 0
(B) 0 and 1
(D) 1 and 1
Gate question
(IN 2008)
The region of convergence of the z-transform of the

discrete-time signal x[n] = 2nu[n] will be
(A) >2
(C) >
(B) < 2
(D) <
Gate question
(IN 2011)
Consider the difference equation

y[n]
and suppose that x[n] = . Assuming the
condition of initial rest, the solution for y[n], n 0 is

(A) 3
(C)
(B)
(D)
Gate question
(IN 2014)
The system function of an LTI system is given by

The above system can have stable inverse if the
region of convergence of H(z)is defined as
(A) ||<
(C) ||>
(B) ||<
(D) ||<
Gate question
(IN 2014)
The transfer function of a digital system is given by:

; where is real.
The transfer function is BIBO stable if the value of is:
(A) 1.5
(C) 0.5
(B) 0.75
(D) 1.5
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You

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SIGNAL AND SYSTEM

Signal and System

Why to Study Signal and

Signal and System

Stock Exchange Signal

Signal and System

Periodic Signal and non periodic signal

Energy Signal and Power signal

Even and odd signal

Even and Odd Parts of Functions

The odd part of signal is

Example on Even and Odd Signal

Example on Even and Odd Signal

Product of two Even function

Product of Even function and Odd

Various Combination of Even and Odd

Derivatives and Integrals of

Sine Wave if Frequency is Varied

Sine wave if phase is varied

Condition for Periodicity

X(t) = X1 (t) + X2 (t)

m1T1=m2T2 = T = Fundamental period

Sum of periodic Signals Always be

Example : Exponential Signal

Quiz on Periodic Signal

A function is given by f(t) = sin2t +cos2t . Which

A discrete-time signal x[n]

For the signal the minimum sampling frequency (in Hz)

Consider the periodic signal , where t is in seconds. Its

The fundamental period of the discrete-time signal x[n]

The fundamental period of x(t) = 2sin2t +3sin3t , with

System basic Definition

Linear and Nonlinear system

SUPERPOSITION AND HOMOGENITY

For input x(t), an ideal impulse sampling system

A system with input and output is given as . The system

Time variant Time in variant system

Procedure to test TV and TIV system

Check whether these system is Time invariant

Causal and non causal system

When you give

Check whether these system is Causal system

Let x(t) be the input and y(t) be the output of a

LTI System output

Steps for convolution

Convolution properties contd

x(t)*(h (t)*h (t))=h (t)*(x(t)*h (t))=h

Convolution properties contd

Convolution properties contd

Convolution properties contd

x(t) is nonzero only for , and similarly, y(t) is nonzero

Find the overall impulse response

Causality and Stability condition

h[t] = 0 for t<0

Let x(t) be the input and y(t) be the output of a

continued (ECE 2008)

(A) (P1, R1), (P2, R3), (P3, R4)

continued (ECE 2008)

(A) (P1, R1), (P2, R3), (P3, R4)

The input and output of a continuous time system are

The impulse response h(t) of a linear time-invariant

The impulse response of a causal linear time-invariant system

Consider a system whose input x and output y are

x(t)(h (t)h (t))=h (t)(x(t)h (t))=h