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MID TERM:

1:

2:

3:

4:

5:

6:

Measurement
Units, length, time, mass
Motion in 1 Dimension
displacement, velocity, acceleration
Vectors Quantities
adding vectors & scalars, components, dot and cross
products
Motion in 2 & 3 Dimensions
position, displacement, velocity, acceleration, projectiles,
motion in a circle, relative motion
Force and Motion: Part 1
Newtons laws, gravity, tension
Force and Motion: Part 2
Friction, drag and terminal speed, motion in a circle

M.Ahmad

After mid term

7: Kinetic Energy and Work

Work & kinetic energy, gravitational work, Hookes law, power.

8: Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy


Potential energy, paths, conservation of mechanical energy.

9: Systems of Particles
Centre of mass, Newtons 2nd law, rockets, impulse,

10 : Rotation
angular displacement, velocity & acceleration, linear and angular
relations, moment of inertia, torque.

11: Rolling, Torque and Angular Momentum


KE, Torque, ang. mom., Newtons 2 nd law, rigid body rotation

REGAN PHY34210

What Is Physics ?

M.Ahmad

Physical Quantities & Units


Physical

Quantities

measurement

and

Units

of

1. Measurement involves counting, but we can


only count numbers 1,2,3,4... of a particular
item.
2. Another thing we can do is to count the
number of times a physical quantity is greater
or less for one case than in another case. A
complete specification of the method of
counting needs a unit and internationally
recongnised

WHY
MEASUREMENTS?
Answer:

M.Ahmad

Physical Quantities & Units


Physical

Quantities

measurement

and

Units

of

1. Measurement involves counting, but we can


only count numbers 1,2,3,4... of a particular
item.
2. Another thing we can do is to count the
number of times a physical quantity is greater
or less for one case than in another case. A
complete specification of the method of
counting specifies a unit.

How units are defined

-A unit has to have a special name and symbol. The


usefulness of a unit is as a means of communicating to
everyone who does science.
- How it was particularly defined?
- To make a desk of a certain length, breadth and height
it is necessary to determine ratio of its dimensions as
compared to the defined unit. i.e. A numerical magnitude
x its unit is
Therefore, defined units must be:
- unambiguously defined
- reproducible to a great accuracy
- accepted by the most people

1: MEASUREMENT
Physical quantities are measured in specific
UNITS, i.e., by comparison to a reference
STANDARD.
The definition of these standards should be
practical for the measurements they are to
describe (i.e., you cant use a ruler to measure
the radius of an atom!)
Most physical quantities are not independent of
each other (e.g. speed = distance / time). Thus,
it often possible to define all other quantities in
terms of BASE STANDARDS including length
(metre), mass (kg) and time (second).
M.Ahmad

SI UNITS
The 14th General Conference of Weights and
Measures (1971)
chose 7 base quantities, to form the
International System of Units
(Systeme Internationale = SI)
There are also DERIVED UNITS, defined in terms
of BASE UNITS,
e.g. 1 Watt (W) = unit of Power = 1 Kg.m2/sec2 per
sec = 1 Kg.m2/s3
M.Ahmad

System of International
(SI)units
The SI units (adopted in 1960) represent a set
of basic physical quantities.
-Second(s). The second is defined as a number
of the period of vibration of radiation from the
cesium-133 atom.
- Metre (m). The distance travelled by light in
vacuum during a time of 1/299 792 458 second.
- Kilogram (kg). Defined as the mass of a
specific platinum-iridium alloy cylinder kept at
the International Bureau of Weights and
Measures in France.

SI Units

- Kelvin (K). The kelvin is defined as 1/273.16


of the temperature of the triple point of water.
- Ampere (A). Defined the flow of Constan
current, if maintained in two straight parallel
conductor)s (wires) of infinite length, of
negligible cross section, and placed one metre
apart in vacuum, would provide force equal to
2 x 10-7 Newton per metre of length b/w the
two conductor.
- Mole (mol). The amount of substance containing
as many identical units as there are atoms in 12
grams of carbon-12.

Prefixes
1012 = Tera = T
For convenience, sometimes,
109 = Giga = G
when dealing with large or small 106 = Mega = M
units, it is common to use a prefix
3 = Kilo = k

10
to describe a specific power of 10
with which to multiply the unit. 10-3 = milli = m
10-6 = micro =
e.g.
10-9 = nano = n
10-12 = pico = p
3
1000 m = 10 m = 1E+3 m = 1 km
10-15 = femto = f
0.000 000 000 1 m = 10-10 m = 0.1 nm

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Converting Units
It is common to have to convert between different systems of units
(e.g., Miles per hour and metres per second). This can be done most
easily using the CHAIN LINK METHOD, where the original value
is multiplied by a CONVERSION FACTOR.
NB. When multiplying through using this method, make sure you
keep the ORIGINAL UNITS in the expression

e.g., 1 minute = 60 seconds, therefore (1 min / 60 secs) = 1


and
(60 secs / 1 min) = 1
Note that 60 does not equal 1 though!
Therefore, to convert 180 seconds into minutes,
180 secs = (180 secs) x (1 min/ 60 secs) = 3 x 1 min = 3 min.

M.Ahmad

13

Length (Metres)
Original (1792) definition of a metre (meter in USA!) was
1/10,000,000 of the distance between the north pole and the

Later the standards was changed to the distance between two


on a particular standard Platinum-Iridium bar kept in Paris.

(1960) 1 m redefined as 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the (ora


light emitted from atoms of the isotope 86Kr.

(1983) 1 m finally defined as the length travelled by light in v


during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second.

To Andromeda Galaxy ~ 1022 m


Radius of earth
~ 107 m
Adult human height
~2m
Radius of proton
~ 10-15 m
M.Ahmad

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Time (Seconds)
Standard definitions of the second ?
Original definition
1/(3600 x 24) of a day, 24 hours = 1day, 3600 sec per
hours, thus
86,400 sec / day, 3651/4 days per year and
From HRW, p6
31,557,600
sec
per
year.
But, a day does not have
a constant duration!
(1967) Use atomic clocks,
to define 1 second as
the time for
9,192,631,770 oscillations
of the light of a specific
wavelength (colour) emitted
from an atom of caesium (133Cs)
M.Ahmad

15

Mass (Kg, AMU)


1 kg defined by mass of Platinum-Iridium cylinder

Masses of atoms compared to each other for other

Define 1 atomic mass unit = 1 u (also sometimes c


1

/12 the mass of a neutral carbon-12 atom.


1 u = 1.66054 x 10-27 kg

Orders of Magnitude

It is common for physicists to ESTIMATE the magni


particular property, which is often expressed by ro
down) to the nearest power of 10, or ORDER OF MA
e.g.. 140,000,000 m ~ 108m,
M.Ahmad

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Ampere

Base UNITS
:

A base or fundamental quantity is a quantity that stand


on its own and is not a produced from the combination of other quantities.

Derived Units

Definition: A derived quantity is a quantity that is a produce from the


combination of base quantities.
Name of Derived
Quantity
1. Area

Symbol

Formula

SI Unit

A=wxL

m2 , cm2,
mm2

2. Volume

V=wxLx
T

m3, cm3, mm3

3. Velocity

v=d/t

ms-1, km/s

4. Acceleration

a = d/dt (v)
o r V/t

ms-2

5. Density

=m/V

kgm-3, gcm-3

6. Pressure

p=F/A

Nm-2,
Pascal(Pa)

7. Work

W = F. d

Nm

Magnitudes

METRIC SYSTEM
PREFIXES
Factor
Decimal Representation

Prefix

Symbol

1018

1,000,000,000,000,000,000

exa

1015

1,000,000,000,000,000

peta

1012

1,000,000,000,000

tera

109

1,000,000,000

giga

106

1,000,000

mega

103

1,000

kilo

102

100

hecto

101

10

deka

da

100

10-1

0.1

deci

10-2

0.01

centi

10-3

0.001

milli

10-6

0.000 001

micro

10-9

0.000 000 001

nano

-12

Scientific Notations
In many areas of physics, the measurements correspond to
very large or small values of the base units (e.g. atomic
radius ~0.0000000001 m).
This can be reduced in scientific notation to the power of
10 ( i.e.,
number of zeros before (+) or after (-) the decimal place).
e.g. 3,560,000,000m

&

= 3.56 x 109 m
0.000 000 492 s = 4.92x10-7 s

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Other Examples:
5.45E+6

or

5.45 x 106

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Numbers less than 1


will have a negative exponent.
A millionth of a second is:
0.000001 sec 1x10-6
1.0E-6

M.Ahmad

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Converting Units

It is common to have to convert between different systems o


(e.g., Miles per hour and metres per second). This can be don
easily using the CHAIN LINK METHOD, where the original valu
is multiplied by a CONVERSION FACTOR.
NB. When multiplying through using this method, make sure
keep the ORIGINAL UNITS in the expression

e.g., 1 minute = 60 seconds, therefore (1 min / 60


and
(60 secs / 1
Note that 60 does not equal 1 though!
Therefore, to convert 180 seconds into minutes,

180 secs = (180 secs) x (1 min/ 60 secs) = 3 x 1 m


M.Ahmad

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Factor-Label Method of Unit


Conversion
Example: Convert 5km to m:

Multiply the original measurement by a


conversion factor.
New Unit
85km x 1,000m
1km
Old unit

=
M.Ahmad

85,000m
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Accuracy
How close a measurement is to
the true value of the quantity
being measured.

M.Ahmad

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Precision
How exact a measurement is.

M.Ahmad

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Significant Figures
The significant figures in a
measurement include all of
the digits that are known,
plus one last digit that is
estimated.

M.Ahmad

29

Significant Figures
The significant figures in a
measurement include all of
the digits that are known,
plus one last digit that is
estimated.

M.Ahmad

30

Finding the Number of Sig


Figs:
When the decimal is present, start counting
from the left.
When the decimal is absent, start counting
from the right.
Zeroes encountered before a non zero digit do
not count in case if counting from left
Zeroes encountered before the non zero digit
from the right of the decimal digit.
M.Ahmad

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How many sig figs?


100
10302.00
1000
0001.00
0001
10302

M.Ahmad

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Factor-Label Method of Unit


Conversion
Example: Convert 5km to m:

Multiply the original measurement by a


conversion factor.
New Unit
85km x 1,000m
1km
Old unit

=
M.Ahmad

85,000m
33

Mass (Kg, AMU)


1 kg defined by mass of Platinum-Iridium cylinder near to Paris.
Masses of atoms compared to each other for other standard.
Define 1 atomic mass unit = 1 u (also sometimes called 1 AMU) as
/12 the mass of a neutral carbon-12 atom.

1 u = 1.66054 x 10-27 kg

Orders of Magnitude
It is common for physicists to ESTIMATE the magnitude of
particular property, which is often expressed by rounding up (or
down) to the nearest power of 10, or ORDER OF MAGNITUDE,
e.g.. 140,000,000 m ~ 108m,
M.Ahmad

34

Dimensions
To check the consistency of equation/
validity on both side
Represent by square brackets []
What are dimension of
1. velocity
2. Acceleration
3.Density
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Solving Word Problems


Analyze
List knowns and unknowns.
Draw a diagram.
Devise a plan.
Write the math equation to be used.
Calculate
If needed, rearrange the equation to solve for the
unknown.
Substitute the knowns with units in the equation and
express the answer with units.
Evaluate
Is the answer reasonably good according to your
wisdom?
check the units on both sides of the equation are
M.Ahmad
36
similar?

Scalars and Vectors


Scalars: are quantities which have magnitude
alone
Examples: Time, Mass, Length Volume,
Distance etc
Vectors: are quantities which have magnitude
as well direction
Examples: Displacement Velocity,
Acceleration etc

Vectors Addition by Head


To Tail Rule

Rectangular component of
Vector

Estimate Example 1:

A ball of string is 10 cm in diameter, make an order of magn


estimate of the length, L , of the string in the ball.

4 3
Volume of string, V d L r
3
r radius of ball 10cm/2 5cm 0.05m
2

assume cross - section of string ~ 3mm square


d
d

4
3
2
2
V 0.05m 3mm L 0.003m L
3
4
3
0.05m
3
4

0
.
05

0
.
05

0
.
05
m
L 3

2
0.003 0.003m 2
0.003m
L 55.5m 60m
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40

E.g., 2: Estimate Radius of Earth (from the


beach.)
From Pythagoras,
d
h
d 2 r 2 r h r 2 2rh h 2
2

d 2rh h , but h r
2

d 2rh
2

is the angle through which the


sun moves around the earth during the
time between the two sunsets (t ~ 10 sec).

t
t ( 10 sec) 360(deg)
3600
o

(deg)

(deg)

0
.
04
360o 24 hours
24 60 60 sec
86,400
2h
Now, from trigonometry, d r tan thus r 2 tan 2 2rh r
tan 2
2 2m
4m
6
if h human height ~ 2m, then substituting, r

10
m
2
o
7
tan (0.04 ) 4.9 10
8
(accepted value for earth radius 6.4x10M.Ahmad
m!)

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