to Exercise
Objectives
1.
2.
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5.
Hormone-receptor interaction
Factors that influence the contraction of
a hormone in the blood
Mode of action of steroid hormones
Second messenger hormone action
Role of hypothalamus-releasing factors in
the control of hormone secretion from
the anterior and posterior pituitary
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7.
Hormone:
A chemical substance produced in the body
that controls and regulates the activity of
certain cells or organs.
Many hormones are secreted by special
glands, such as thyroid hormone produced
by thethyroid gland.
Hormones are essential for every activity of
life, including the processes of digestion,
metabolism, growth, reproduction, and
mood control.
TYPES OF GLANDS:
Muscle glycogen
Fat
Plasma glucose
Free fatty acids
Lesser extent amino acids.
Neuroendocrinology
A branch of physiology dedicated to the
systematic study of control systems.
Two major homeostatic systems involved in
the control and regulation of various
functions (cardiovascular, renal, metabolic,
etc) are the nervous and endocrine
systems
Interdependent on each other
Neuroendocrinology
Endocrine glands release hormones
directly into the blood
Hormones alter the activity of tissues that
possess receptors to which the hormone
can bind
The plasma hormone concentration
determines the magnitude of the effect at
the tissue level
Blood Hormone
Concentration
Determined by:
1. Rate of secretion of hormone from
endocrine gland
2. Rate of metabolism or excretion of
hormone
3. Quantity of transport protein
4. Changes in plasma volume
Control of Hormone
Secretion
Hormone-Receptor
Interactions
Trigger events at the cell
Magnitude of effect dependent on:
Hormone-Receptor
Interactions
Mechanism of Steroid
Hormones
Hormones:
Regulation and Action
Hypothalmus
Growth Hormone
Secreted from the anterior pituitary gland
Essential for normal growth
Effects of GH
GH increases with exercise to maintain
plasma glucose concentration by
1. gluconeogenesis in liver
2.mobilization of fatty acids
3.inc tissue uptake of A.A to inc synthesis
of protein in long bones
Growth Hormone
Thyroid Gland
it is stimulated by TSH
Secrete two hormones,Triiodothyronine
(T3) and thyroxine (T4)
Important in maintaining metabolic rate
and allowing full effect of other
hormones
T3 is potent form of thyroid hormone.
Calcitonin
Regulation of plasma Ca++
PARATHYROID GLAND
Stimulus for release: low plasma Ca conc.
Parathyroid Hormone
involved in plasma Ca++ regulation
Actions:
Inc Ca uptake from bones
Inc renal absorption of calcium
Exercise increases the conc of PTH in
plasma
ADRENAL GLANDS:
ADRENAL MEDULLA secretion:
Catecholamine's
1.Epinephrine
2.nor epinephrine
ADRENAL CORTEX ( steroid hormone)
Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
Glucocorticoids
Sex steroid ( androgens , estrogens )
Adrenal Medulla
Secretes Epinephrine( 80 % release) and
Nor epinephrine(20 % )
Fight or flight
Controls b.p, plasma glucose, H.R by
processes of glycogenolysis, lypolysis
Adrenal Cortex
Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
Maintain plasma Na+ and K+
Regulation of blood pressure
Change in Mineralcorticoids
During Exercise
Adrenal Cortex
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
Involves in plasma glucose regulation.
Stimulated by exercise and long-term
fasting
Promotes the use of free fatty acids as
fuel
Stimulates glucose synthesis
Promotes protein breakdown for
gluconeogenesis and tissue repair
Control of Cortisol
Secretion
Pancreas
Secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
into small intestine( exocrine function)
Islets of langerhan cells Releases
Testes
Release testosterone from interstitial cells
of testes having two types of steroids.
Anabolic steroid
Promotes tissue (muscle) building
Performance enhancement
Androgenic steroid
Promotes masculine characteristics
Plasma testosterone concentration is
increased 10% to 37% during prolonged
submaximal work during exercise
Control of Testosterone
Estrogen
Hormones are estrone, estradiol, estriol
Establish and maintain reproductive
function
Levels vary throughout the menstrual
cycle
Control of Estrogen
Secretion