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Hormonal Responses

to Exercise

Objectives
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

Hormone-receptor interaction
Factors that influence the contraction of
a hormone in the blood
Mode of action of steroid hormones
Second messenger hormone action
Role of hypothalamus-releasing factors in
the control of hormone secretion from
the anterior and posterior pituitary

6.

7.

Identify the site of release, stimulus for


release, and the predominate action of
the following hormones: epinephrine,
norepinephrine, glucagon, insulin,
cortisol, aldosterone, thyroxine, growth
hormone, estrogen, and testosterone
Discuss the use of anabolic steroid and
growth hormone on muscle growth and
their potential side effects

Hormone:
A chemical substance produced in the body
that controls and regulates the activity of
certain cells or organs.
Many hormones are secreted by special
glands, such as thyroid hormone produced
by thethyroid gland.
Hormones are essential for every activity of
life, including the processes of digestion,
metabolism, growth, reproduction, and
mood control.

TYPES OF GLANDS:

Exocrine glandsareglandsthat produce and secrete


substances onto anepithelialsurface by way of aduct.
Examples of exocrine glands includesweat,salivary,
lacrimal,sebaceous, andmucous.
Exocrine glands are one of two types of glands in the
human body,

endocrine glands, which secrete their products


directly into thebloodstream.
The liverandpancreasare both exocrine and endocrine
glands; they are exocrine glands because they secrete
productsbileandpancreatic juiceinto the
gastrointestinal tractthrough a series of ducts, and
endocrine because they secrete other substances directly
into the bloodstream.

Fuel for Exercise

Fuels for muscular exercise include

Muscle glycogen
Fat
Plasma glucose
Free fatty acids
Lesser extent amino acids.

These fuels must be provided at an optimal


rate for activities during the exercise.
Example??
Glucose.hypoglycemia.

Neuroendocrinology
A branch of physiology dedicated to the
systematic study of control systems.
Two major homeostatic systems involved in
the control and regulation of various
functions (cardiovascular, renal, metabolic,
etc) are the nervous and endocrine
systems
Interdependent on each other

Neuroendocrinology
Endocrine glands release hormones
directly into the blood
Hormones alter the activity of tissues that
possess receptors to which the hormone
can bind
The plasma hormone concentration
determines the magnitude of the effect at
the tissue level

Blood Hormone
Concentration
Determined by:
1. Rate of secretion of hormone from
endocrine gland
2. Rate of metabolism or excretion of
hormone
3. Quantity of transport protein
4. Changes in plasma volume

Control of Hormone
Secretion

Rate of insulin secretion from the pancreas


is dependent on:
Magnitude of input( ion ca2+, substrate
glucose, neurotransmitter acetylcholine)
Stimulatory vs. inhibitory (whether the input is
stimulatory or inhibitory)

Factors That Influence the


Secretion of Hormones

Hormone-Receptor
Interactions
Trigger events at the cell
Magnitude of effect dependent on:

Concentration of the hormone( down


regulation,chornically elevated level of
hormone, and less no. of receptors.) (up
regulationopposite to down reg)
Number of receptors on the cell
Affinity of the receptor for the hormone ( shape
of hormone)

Hormone-Receptor
Interactions

Hormones bring about effects by:


Altering membrane transport( they bind on specific receptors on
membrane,and regulate the inside entry of hormone to cell, eg,
insulinbinds on receptors on cell surface and mobilizes glucose
transpoters located in membrane of cell. Abnormality occure in D.M)
Stimulating DNA to increase protein synthesis( eg.steroid
hormone, lipid nature, easily pass through membrane, binds to protein
receptor in cytoplasm making steroid-receptor complex. enter
nucleus ,bind to specific protien linked to DNA.this activate genes that
lead to synthesis of mRNA)slow acting hormones, but have long
lasting effect.
Activating second messengers
Cyclic AMP
Ca++
Inositol triphosphate
Diacylglycerol

Mechanism of Steroid
Hormones

Other Second Messenger


Systems

Hormones:
Regulation and Action

Hormones are secreted from endocrine


glands:

Hypothalamus and pituitary glands


Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Testes and ovaries

Hypothalmus

Pituitary gland located at base of brain, attached to


hypothalamus.
Gland has two lobes.
1.Anterior pituitary: Secrete following hormones.
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH, Follicle stimulating
hormone FSH, Luteinizing hormone LH, melanocyte
stimulating hormone MSH, Thyroid Stimulating hormone
TSH, Growth hormone GH, Prolactin. )
2.posterior pituitary ( it secretes Two hormones,
Oxytocin, Anti diuretic hormone ADH , vasopressin)
Hypothalamus Controls activity of the anterior and
posterior pituitary glands
Influenced by positive and negative input

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Posterior Pituitary Gland


Secretions:
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin
Reduces water loss from the body to
maintain plasma volume
Stimulated by:
High plasma osmolality and low plasma
volume due to sweating
Exercise

Change in the Plasma ADH


Concentration During Exercise

Positive and Negative Input to


the Hypothalamus

Growth Hormone
Secreted from the anterior pituitary gland
Essential for normal growth

Stimulates protein synthesis and long bone


growth

Increases during exercise

Mobilizes fatty acids from adipose tissue


Aids in the maintenance of blood glucose

Effects of GH
GH increases with exercise to maintain
plasma glucose concentration by
1. gluconeogenesis in liver
2.mobilization of fatty acids
3.inc tissue uptake of A.A to inc synthesis
of protein in long bones

Growth Hormone

Thyroid Gland
it is stimulated by TSH
Secrete two hormones,Triiodothyronine
(T3) and thyroxine (T4)
Important in maintaining metabolic rate
and allowing full effect of other
hormones
T3 is potent form of thyroid hormone.
Calcitonin
Regulation of plasma Ca++

PARATHYROID GLAND
Stimulus for release: low plasma Ca conc.
Parathyroid Hormone
involved in plasma Ca++ regulation
Actions:
Inc Ca uptake from bones
Inc renal absorption of calcium
Exercise increases the conc of PTH in
plasma

ADRENAL GLANDS:
ADRENAL MEDULLA secretion:
Catecholamine's
1.Epinephrine
2.nor epinephrine
ADRENAL CORTEX ( steroid hormone)

Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

Glucocorticoids
Sex steroid ( androgens , estrogens )

Adrenal Medulla
Secretes Epinephrine( 80 % release) and
Nor epinephrine(20 % )
Fight or flight
Controls b.p, plasma glucose, H.R by
processes of glycogenolysis, lypolysis

Adrenal Cortex

Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
Maintain plasma Na+ and K+
Regulation of blood pressure

Change in Mineralcorticoids
During Exercise

Adrenal Cortex
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
Involves in plasma glucose regulation.
Stimulated by exercise and long-term
fasting
Promotes the use of free fatty acids as
fuel
Stimulates glucose synthesis
Promotes protein breakdown for
gluconeogenesis and tissue repair

Control of Cortisol
Secretion

Pancreas
Secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
into small intestine( exocrine function)
Islets of langerhan cells Releases

Insulin secreted from beta cells Promotes the storage


of glucose in glycogen form, amino acids, and fats
Glucagon- alpha cells
stimulus for its release is: low plasma glucose
Promotes the mobilization of fatty acids and glucose
Somatostatin delta cells- Controls rate of entry of
nutrients into the circulation in absorptive stage

Testes
Release testosterone from interstitial cells
of testes having two types of steroids.
Anabolic steroid
Promotes tissue (muscle) building
Performance enhancement
Androgenic steroid
Promotes masculine characteristics
Plasma testosterone concentration is
increased 10% to 37% during prolonged
submaximal work during exercise

Control of Testosterone

Estrogen
Hormones are estrone, estradiol, estriol
Establish and maintain reproductive
function
Levels vary throughout the menstrual
cycle

Control of Estrogen
Secretion

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