Lyophobic
3. Dispersed Systems
Dispersed systems consist of particulate matter, known
as the dispersed phase, distributed throughout a continuous
or dispersion medium. The particulate matter,
or dispersed phase, consists of particles that range
from 1 nm to 0.5 mm (109 m to 5 x 107 m).
Dispersed systems are classified as follows:
Molecular dispersions: <1 nm, invisible under electron
microscopy (EM). Examples are oxygen molecules,
ions, and glucose.
Colloidal dispersions: 1 nm to 0.5 mm, visible
under EM. Examples are colloidal silver sols and
natural and synthetic polymers.
Coarse dispersions: larger than 0.5 mm, visible
under light microscopy. Examples are grains of sand,
emulsions, suspensions, and red blood cells.
KOLOID
Aplikasi Kolod di Farmasi
1.Perak klorida, perak iodida, perak protein koloida germisida
efektif & tdk iritatif
2.Serbuk kasar sulfur absorpsi buruk, bentuk koloidnya diabsorpsi
secara baik
3.Sistem penghantaran obat : hidrogel, mikrosfere, mikroemulsi,
liposom, nanopartikel, nanokristal.
Lyophilic colloids
Systems containing colloidal particles that interact
with the dispersion medium are referred to as lyophilic
colloids. Because of their affinity for the dispersion
medium, such materials form colloidal dispersions
with relative ease. For example, the dissolution of acacia
or gelatin in water or celluloid in amyl acetate
leads to the formation of a solution. Most lyophilic
colloids are polymers (eg, gelatin, acacia, povidone,
albumin, rubber, and polystyrene).
Lyophobic colloids
Lyophobic colloids, or inorganic particles dispersed in
water, are composed of materials that have little attraction,
if any, for the dispersion medium. Lyophobic colloids
are intrinsically unstable and irreversible.
Association colloids
Association (referring to amphiphilic colloids) colloids
are formed by the grouping or association of amphiphiles,
ie, molecules that exhibit both lyophilic and
lyophobic properties. At low concentrations, amphiphiles
exist separately and do not form a colloid. At
higher concentrations, aggregation occurs at around 50
or more monomers, which induces micelle formation.
As with lyophilic colloids, formation of association
Type
Examples
Liquid
Gas
Aerosol
Fog, sprays
Liquid
Liquid
Emulsion
Salad dressing
Liquid
Solid
Solid emulsion
Pearl, opal
Solid
Solid
Solid suspension
Pigmented
plastics
Solid
Liquid
Sol or paste
Ink, toothpaste
Solid
Gas
Aerosol
Inhalers, smoke
Gas
Liquid
Foam
Fire extinguisher,
detergent
foam
Gas
Solid
Solid foam
Pumice stone,
expanded
polystyrene
Paint industry
Food industry
Emulsions, toothpaste
Detergent industry
Pharmaceutical industry
Agricultural industry
2. DIFFUSION
As a result of Brownian motion
particle pass (diffuse) fram region of
higher concentration to one with
lower conc.
3. Osmotic pressure
The
membrane
Water flows from the side with the lower solute concentration
into the side with the higher solute concentration
Osmotic pressure
At small particle size (less than 0,5m) Brownian motion is significant and
tend to prevent sedimentation due to gravity.
5. VISCOSITY
The resistence to flow of a system an applied pressure.
Viscosity of colloid, allow :
1.Calculation of the molecular wieght
2.Provide useful information about the shape of the colloidal particles.
Sperocolloidal dispersions are relatively low viscosity
Linearcolloidal dispersions are of high viscosity
1. EFEK TYNDALL
Larutan bersifat meneruskan cahaya sedangkan koloid bersifat
menghamburkan cahaya. Berkas cahaya yang melalui koloid dapat
diamati dari arah samping walaupun partikel koloidnya tidak tampak.
Maka, efek Tyndall :
adalah peristiwa penghamburan cahaya oleh partikel-partikel
koloid.
Contoh peristiwa efek Tyndall :
sorot lampu pada malam yang berkabut, sorot lampu
proyektor di ruangan yang berasap dan berkas sinar matahari melalui
celah daun pohon pada pagi
yang berkabut.
C. Electrical properties:
MUATAN PERMUKAAN
ADSORPSI
Electrophoresis
Involves the movement of a charged particle through a liquid under the
influence of an applied potential difference.
An electrophoresis cell, fitted with two electrodes, contains the dispersion.
When a potential is applied across the electrodes, the particles migrate to the
oppositely charged electrode.
Electrophoresis: The movement of a charged particle relative to the liquid it
suspended in under the influence of an applied electric field
This technique finds application in
- Measurements of zeta potentials of model systems (like polystyrene latex
dispersion),
- To test colloidal stability theory,
- To asses the stability of coarse dispersion,
- In identification of charge groups
The particles move with a characteristic velocity which is dependent on the
strength of the electric field (measured by the instrument), the dielectric constant
and the viscosity of the medium.
The velocity of a particle in a unit electric field is referred to as its electrophoretic
mobility
Zeta potential
Is an abbreviation
systems.
Zeta potential is the potential difference between the
dispersion medium and the stationary layer of fluid attached to
dispersed particle.
- If all the particles have a large negative or positive zeta potential they will
Repel each other and there is dispersion stability.
If the particles have low zeta potential values then there is no force to prevent the
Particles coming together and there is dispersion instability.
-
Zeta potential is not measurable directly but it can be calculated using theoritical
models and an experimently-determined electrophoretic mobility or dynamic
electrophoretic mobility.
Colloids
Adsorptive properties
Coagulation of colloids
The
Protection of colloids
The
KOAGULASI
DIALISIS