Development of Skin Appendages

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Glands of the Skin

Sebaceous Glands
Most sebaceous glands develop as buds from the
sides of epithelial root sheaths
The glandular buds grow into the surrounding
connective tissue
And branch to form the primordia of several
alveoli and their associated ducts.

Glands of the Skin

Sebaceous Glands
The central cells of the alveoli break down,
forming an oily secretion-sebum
Sebum mixes with desquamated peridermal cells
to form vernix caseosa.
Sebaceous glands independent of hair follicles
develop in a similar manner to buds from the
epidermis.
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Glands of the Skin

Sweat Glands
Eccrine sweat glands
They develop as epidermal down growths into

the underlying mesenchyme

As the buds elongate, their ends coil to form

the primordium of the secretory part

Epithelial attachment of the developing gland

to the epidermis forms primordium of duct.

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Glands of the Skin

Sweat Glands
Eccrine sweat glands
central cells of the primordial ducts degenerate,
forming a lumen.
peripheral cells of the secretory part differentiate
into myoepithelial and secretory cells
Eccrine sweat glands begin to function shortly
after birth.
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Glands of the Skin

Sweat Glands
Apocrine sweat glands
develop from downgrowths of the stratum
germinativum that give rise to hair follicles.
As a result, the ducts of these glands open,
into the upper part of hair follicles
They begin to secrete during puberty.

Hair
begin to develop early in the fetal period
become easily recognizable approximately at 20 th week
Hairs are first recognizable on the eyebrows, upper lip,

and chin.
Hair follicle begins as a proliferation of the stratum

germinativum and extends into the underlying dermis

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Hair
The hair bulbs
hair buds soon become club shaped, forming hair bulb.
primordia of hair roots
soon invaginated by small mesenchymal hair papillae
Its epithelial cells constitute the germinal matrix, which
later produces the hair.

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Hair
Epithelial root sheaths
Formed from Peripheral cells of the
developing hair follicles
Dermal root sheaths
derived from the surrounding mesenchymal
cells

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Hair
Hair shafts
Cells in the germinal matrix proliferate
Pushed toward the surface
They become keratinized to form hair shaft.

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Hair
Lanugo
The first hairs to appear
are fine, soft, and lightly pigmented.
They help to hold the vernix caseosa on the
skin.
It is replaced by coarser hairs during the
perinatal period.
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 Arrector muscles of hairs

differentiate from the mesenchyme
surrounding the hair follicle
attach to:
dermal root sheath of the hair follicles
papillary layer of the dermis

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Development of Nails
Begin to develop at approximately 10 weeks
Development of fingernails precedes that of toenails
Primordia of nails appear as nail fields of epidermis at

the tip of each digit.

Later these nail fields migrate onto the dorsal surface
carrying their innervation from the ventral surface.

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 The fingernails reach the fingertips by 32 weeks

The toenails reach the toe tips by 36 weeks.
Nails that have not reached the tips of the digits
at birth indicate prematurity.

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