AGR355

AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION
Hazmi Awang Damit
2011

SAJAK
PENGEMBANGAN

PENGEMBANGAN YANG
TULEN
Satu kisah insan yang berdedikasi
Gigih melaksanakan tugas hari demi hari
Berazam membangunkan peladang petani
Di kantornya ia tidak pernah berdiam diri
Memeras otak tidak berhenti-henti
Masalah peladang tetap dikaji
Mencari penyelesaian bagi mengatasi
Agar peladang hidup berdikari
Ke ladang ia dengan terbuka hati
Mengorak langkah ke destinasi
3

Dengan sikap sahabat-guru yang disukai

Menjadi insan yang serba-serbi
Semua kaedah hendak dicubai
Semua keadaan hendak diterokai
Bukit-bukau terpaksa didaki
Sungai dalam juga diharungi
Kuyup ditimpa hujan bertubi-tubi
Mengigil sejuk tidak terperi
Kepanasan oleh pancaran cahaya matahari
Terancam nyawa juga pernah dialami
Tidak pernah segan atau takuti
Bertemu insan yang beranika resmi
Tidak mengenali penat dan sepi
4

Dengan sikap sahabat-guru yang disukai

Menjadi insan yang serba-serbi
Semua kaedah hendak dicubai
Semua keadaan hendak diterokai
Bukit-bukau terpaksa didaki
Sungai dalam juga diharungi
Kuyup ditimpa hujan bertubi-tubi
Mengigil sejuk tidak terperi
Kepanasan oleh pancaran cahaya matahari
Terancam nyawa juga pernah dialami
Tidak pernah segan atau takuti
Bertemu insan yang beranika resmi
Tidak mengenali penat dan sepi
5

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction
1.1 Definition of extension
1.2 Roles of extension
1.3 Philosophy of extension work
1.4 Principles of extension
1.5 Islamic perspective
1.6 Concepts of change
1.7 Types of change

1.1 Introduction to extension

When the world is changing very slow, you
dont need much information. But when
change is rapid, then there is a premium on
information to guide the process of change.
The meaning of the word Extension is well

known and accepted by people who work in

extension organizations and services, but is
not well understood in the wider community.

Alternative words for extension

Dutch: Voorlichting-lighting pathway ahead to help

people find their way.

Indonesia: Lighting the way ahead with a torch
(Penyuluhan).
Malaysia: Extension = Pengembangan
Germans = Beratung, which implies that an expert
can give advice on the best way to reach your
goal, but leaves you to selecting the way.
Germans: Aufklrung (enlightenment) in health
education and Erziehung (education).

Alternative words for extension

Austrians: Forderung (furthering) stimulating you

to go in a desirable direction.
French: Vulgarisation stress the need to simplify
the massage to common man.
Spanish: Capacitacion indicates the intention to
improve peoples skills.
Thailand: Song-Suem - to promote.

1.1 Definition of extension

Leagans, 1961: Extension is a guide

concept to help society via education

process for social and economy
development. With that, extension is a
process of work with society, design
independence society and educate them to
become an important person in development
and not as viewer.
Bradfield, 1971: Extension is informal
education system. It function to give
guidance to rural society about how to
improve their life by their own effort with fully
utilized of natural resources around them

1.1 Definition of extension

Communication Process
Knowledge
centre

Knowledge (Information)

Receiver

Problem and requirement

General definition: Extension involves the

conscious use of communication of

information to help people form sound
opinions and make good decisions.

1.1 Definition of extension

Frame concept for extension system
Knowledge
Centre

Intermediat
e Receiver

Research

station
Higher

education
institute
Extension

agency

Final Receiver
Society

IKT

Individual

FPR

Farmers, planters

IKT

Implementati
on agencies

FPR

Extension
workers

IKT

etc.
Man / woman
Adults

FPR Group
Association

IKT = Information, Knowledge and

Technology
FPR
= Feedback, Problem and
Requirement

Organization
Club
Etc.

1.1 Definition of extension

Extension practitioners can be found

throughout the world, usually working for

government agencies. They are represented
by several Department, Institute, Association
and Organizations such as:
DOA
MARDI
FAMA
MCB
MRB
LPP
etc.

Agricultural Extension Meeting in

Laos

Agricultural Extension Meeting in

Nepal

1.2 Roles of Extension

Interpretation of extension roles:

1) Its informal educational process toward the

farmers. They roles are:
(i) to offer advice (i.e: information,
knowledge & technology) and
(ii) help (solve farmers problem, increase
farming efficiency, productivity and their
living standard.
2) Helping farmers by give them clearer insights
about their problem and how to overcome it.

1.2 Roles of Extension

Interpretation of extension roles:

3) Working with rural people in order to

improve their standard of life through (i)
improve production and (ii) developing their
skills to direct their own future.
4) There are 4 elements within the process of
extension:
i) Knowledge and skills
ii) Technical advice and information
iii) Farmers organization
iv) Motivation and self confidence

1.2 Roles of Extension

i) Knowledge and skills
Extension can bring them other knowledge and
information which they do not have and
acquire new skills (operate new machines,
manage new group projects, farm
management skills).
ii) Technical advise and information
To assist farmers in making decisions and to
take appropriate action to solve their
problems.

1.2 Roles of Extension

iii) Farmers organisation
To represent their interests and to give them a
means for taking collective action. Extension
help to set up, structure and develop
organisations of local farmers.
iv) Motivation and self confidence
To convince farmers that they can do things for
themselves, make their own decisions and
that they have the ability to break out of
their poverty.

1.3 The scope and responsibilities

of extension service
Agricultural Production
Marketing, Distribution and Utilization of farm
Products
iii) Conservation, Proper Utilization and
Development of Natural Resources
iv) Management of the Farm and Home
v) Family Living
vi) Youth Development
vii) Leadership development
viii) Community improvement and recourses
development
ix) Public affair
i)
ii)

1.3 The scope and responsibilities

of extension service
Agricultural Production
) To produce enough food supply.
) Ensure production efficiency.
) The best combination of land, labour,
capital and managerial ability (high output
& lower cost).
) Help people to do any adjustment based of
the changes (production, technology,
distribution).
i)

1.3 The scope and responsibilities

of extension service
ii) Marketing, Distribution and Utilization

of farm Products
Educational programs in marketing,
distribution and utilization of farm
products should be done for farmers in hence
to maximize profit. The goals of such programs
are to minimize the cost, develop market
and to ensure farmers know about the
marketing system as well.

1.3 The scope and responsibilities

of extension service
iii) Conservation, Proper Utilization and

Development of Natural Resources

The uses of natural resources that still
available. To ensure the continuity, motivational
talks should be done by involving people in
policy making.

1.3 The scope and responsibilities

of extension service
iv) Management of the Farm and Home

Ability to make decision to gain objective in

efficient manner defined as management
skills. Extension easily to apply anywhere,
help people to gain highly income, higher
level of living and provide skills to ensure
people can achieve their goals.

1.3 The scope and responsibilities

of extension service
v) Family Living

Help family living to improve their with

adjusting newer needs and program that
involved such as economy, home
management, food and nutrition and etc.

1.3 The scope and responsibilities

of extension service
vi) Youth Development
)Help to fulfill the needs and interest of young

people
)Divided into four (4) categories:)10-13 years knowledge and skill like
reading
)13-14 years more independent like make
some activity. Example: camping
)school leaver to determine their future
)Young married couples responsibility to
their family (establishing home, income)

1.3 The scope and responsibilities

of extension service
vii) Leadership development
)Help to improve the leadership skills through

extension program
)Example: given opportunity to the people to
assume a leader role and experienced.

1.3 The scope and responsibilities

of extension service
viii)Community improvement and

recourses development
)To improve and developed local recourses for
rural and urban community through 3 types of
resources:)Natural resources lands, water, mineral,
climate, etc
)Human resources attitude, skills, knowledge
and talent of the people.
)Institutional resources government and nongovernment institutional, formal and nonformal group.

1.3 The scope and responsibilities

of extension service
ix) Public affair
)Help citizen to understand and adjust to the

government policies and about public issue.

)Teaching and improved citizenship of people
so that people more and good responsibilities
to their country.

1.4 Philosophy of extension

work
The work of extension is based on several
philosophies
Extension is an educational process to bring
about changes in;
Knowledge
- about what people know
Attitude
- about what people think
Skill
- about what people do
Motivation - about what people can do

1.5 The principles of extension

work
Based on conditions that exist (local,
regional, and national)
It is very important to extension agent to learn
about the local condition such as the
environment, the people, the social structure,
the economic status, the habits, traditions and
the attitudes then utilizing these forces,
gradually building the program to arrived the
objectives.
i)

1.5 The principles of extension

work
ii) Involve people in actions that promote

their welfare
Local people should be involved in all activities
such as planning extension programs,
determine objectives, setting up plan of work,
carrying on action and evaluating results to
have a sincere effort and desire to allow the
local people involved in all extension
activities.

1.5 The principles of extension

work
iii) Develop programs gradually

The people and the extension agent can gain

confident in themselves by developing the
programs gradually. It allow to adequate fact
to be collected and resources to be available.
It also helps to reduce failure from going too
bad.

1.5 The principles of extension

work
iv) Aim basically at peoples interest and

needs
United for common interest or needs can attract
people to drawn together. Like in extension
programs, emphasis is to come out the
change through educational method that is
needs is more pertinent. To archive the
change, extension programs must directed to
the people needs and satisfying.

1.5 The principles of extension

work
v) Use democratic method

Democratic principle is important to know

because it helps in implementation other
principle like people involvement, sharing
responsibilities and joining everyone in the
program. It also orients people to a
democratic philosophy, train local participant
and time to let the process prove its worth. To
make the extension run successful it must
fallow the democratic principle

1.5 The principles of extension

work
vi) Keep programs flexible

Extension is a dynamic program to make our

rural life more flexible. As we know we were
not start at the same level with other people
or have all at the first and we cannot plan or
programs. We need to be flexible to any
changes may occur.
vii) Work through understanding of the

culture
The extension is acceptable to all human
and not contras to people culture where

1.5 The principles of extension

work
viii)Use local leaders

Extension service development and expansion

is depending on the local leader
involvement by cooperation with the
extension agent. They get the knowledge and
skill by the agent and make multiple contact
or two way flow information. The
extension agent expand their knowledge
by utilize the locals leader.

1.5 The principles of extension

work
ix) Use existing agencies / organizations

Existing the organization or group already set

up make the extension agent to tell their
knowledge and skills. Beside that, they will
gain what the people interest and get
the clues and reality of the community
and improve their knowledge.

1.5 The principles of extension

work
x) Utilize trained specialists

They must be able to adjust their

program where it bad or good and learn
about the people culture to easier to them
enter the community and expand their
knowledge to get the support. But not all the
extension agent can be expert in all the
aspect. They must be back up to their
specialist to find the solution and search
the require information to overcome
them.

1.5 The principles of extension

work
xi) Work with all members of family

Making decision is responsibility all members

of the family. It affects their welfare.
Extension must be made suitable so that
they interesting on that and will
participate whenever possible.

1.5 The principles of extension

work
xii) Be based on the comprehensive

approach
Extension education is repeated process,
starts by tackling agricultural production,
the farm home and rural youth problems.
It must suitable for all members of the rural
family and different socioeconomics groups in
community. Special adaptation is used to
complete a few practices that can be
applied on their respective conditions.

1.5 The principles of extension

work
xiii)Coordination in collaborative efforts

Interaction among related agencies and

interaction of different agencies is to
assure the continuing success of extension
programs. The best use of resources is
coordinating the efforts of leaders,
groups and agencies.
xiv)Keep in line with national policy
Extension process must follow the
government law to get more benefit. Do
not forget to inform what is going on to
government.

1.5 The principles of extension

work
xv) Use the community approach

Extension process must suitable and

available with whole family in living area.
Whole members in family must involve and
must not be changed in order to accept
about any change of living pattern. It is can
reduce the conflict among members and
community.

1.6 The Concept of Change

Definition
Change in
human society, help them to improve,
from better and become more efficient
society. Besides that, changes also create
problem in human communities.
In extension work change means an
improvement and expansion that give
advantage to extension community.
Therefore, the extensions works have the
responsibilities to tell people especially
farmer to understand the term change as it
affects their lives.

1.6 The Concept of Change

Social system
Defined as a family, a community, an
organization, a professional association, a state
or nation.
Individual change
Exists in form knowledge (cognitive), attitude
and feeling (affective) and skills (psychomotor).

1.6 The Concept of Change

Group change
As individual develop or change that group that
will be affective a change (moving forward).
Cultural change
It takes long time to change value, norms,
tradition and moral in society compare to the
change the technology.
Political change
Any change is legislation system that affects
social system.

1.6 The Concept of Change

Technology change
This kind of change commonly exists in visible
and help social system to make productivity
efficiently.
Economy change
Change that makes barriers for social system to
get objective. For example are inflation and
sudden recession.

1.7 Planned Social Change

Planned change define is our concern,
aware and cooperation to improve the
operation of human system, whether it be a
self system, social system or cultural system
by use right knowledge.
Change may be planned or unplanned and may
cause by internal force or from external
force.

1.7 Planned Social Change

Immanent change causing by internal force.
It occur when member of social system with
small or without external influence causing
new idea which then absorb within system.
Contact change is causing by external force.
It is occurring when new idea contributes from
source external. This can be between system
phenomenons that either can be choose or
carry on depending on reception of required
for change is internal or external.

1.7 Planned Social Change

Selective contact change causes by member
social system where expose to internal
influences and used or ignore new idea into
their requirement. The expose to renewal in
unplanned and receiver freely decide to
receive or ignore the new idea.
Direct contact change cause by outsider
who individually or as representative of
change agencies want to introduce new idea
to achieve goal according to them.
Introduction technological innovation in many
sector designed by government is one of

END OF CHAPTER
ONE