Ch01 - Chemistry and Measurements

Chapter 1
Chemistry and Measurements

1
1.1
Chemistry and Chemicals
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition
Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
What Is Chemistry?
2
Chemistry
is the study of composition,

structure, properties, and reactions
of matter
happens all around you everyday

Antacid tablets undergo a chemical
reaction when dropped in water.
Chemistry
3
Matter is another word for all substances that make up our world.
Antacid tablets are matter.
Water is matter.
Glass is matter.
Air is matter.
Branches of Chemistry
4
The field of chemistry is divided into branches, such as
organic chemistry, the study of substances that contain

carbon
inorganic chemistry, the study of all substances except

those that contain carbon
general chemistry, the study of the composition, properties
and reactions of matter
Chemistry + Other Sciences

5
Chemistry is often combined

with other sciences:
Geology + Chemistry =
Geochemistry
Biology + Chemistry =
Biochemistry
Physical Science + Chemistry =
Physical Chemistry
Biochemists analyze lab samples.
Chemicals
6
Chemicals are
substances that have the
same composition and
properties wherever found
often substances made by
chemists that you use
everyday
Toothpaste is a combination
of chemicals.
Chemicals Commonly Used in Toothpaste

7
Chemicals Used When Cooking

8
Many substances found in the kitchen are obtained using chemical reactions.
Learning Check
9
Which of the following contains chemicals?

A. sunlight
B. fruit
C. milk
Solution
10
Which of the following contains chemicals?

A. Sunlight is energy given off by the Sun and therefore
does not contain chemicals.
B. Fruit contains chemicals that have the same
composition and properties wherever found.
C. Milk contains chemicals that have the same
composition and properties wherever found.
Therefore, only B. fruit and C. milk contain chemicals.
Solution
11
Which of the following activities should be included in your

study plan for learning chemistry?
A. Skipping lectures will not help you to understand the
concepts.
B. Forming a study group will be helpful for learning
chemistry.
C. Reviewing Learning Goals before reading will help you
understand and remember the concepts.
D. Becoming an active learner will help you understand the
concepts.
Chapter 1
12
1.2
A Study Plan for Learning Chemistry
Features in This Text Help You Study

13
1. Periodic Table
- inside front cover
2. Tables
- inside back cover
3. Looking Ahead
- beginning of each chapter
4. Learning Goals
- beginning of each section
5. Glossary and Index
- end of text
Before Reading
14
Before you begin to read the chapter

obtain an overview of the chapter by reading Looking
Ahead
look at the section title and rephrase it to be a question
review the Learning Goal that tells you what to expect
in that section
As You Read
15
As you read the chapter

try to answer the question you made from the
section title
review Concept Checks that help you understand
key ideas
work through the Sample Problems and review visual
Guide to Problem Solving
try the Questions and Problems that allow you to apply
problem solving to new problems
Throughout the Chapter

16
Throughout the chapter there are tools that help you connect
the chemical concepts you are learning to real life.
Chemistry Link to Health
Chemistry Link to Industry
Chemistry Link to the Environment
Chemistry Link to History
Macro-to-Micro Illustrations
Figures and Diagrams

17
Many figures and diagrams use micro-to-macro illustrations

to depict atomic level of organization
to illustrate the concepts in the text
to allow you to see the world in a microscopic way
End of Chapter
18
At the end of the chapter there are study aids that complete the
chapter, such as
Concept Maps, which show connections between important
concepts
Chapter Reviews, which provide a summary
Key Terms, which are listed with their definitions
Understanding Concepts, which help you visualize concepts
Additional Questions and Problems and Challenge
Problems, which provide a means to assess your
understanding
Active Learning Steps

19
You can become an active learner and enhance your learning

process by
reading each Learning Goal for an overview
forming a question from the section title and looking for
answers as you read
self-testing by working Concept Checks, Sample
Problems, and Study Checks and checking answers
Study Check
20

A. skipping lectures
B. forming a study group
C. reviewing Learning Goals before reading
D. becoming an active learner
Solution
21

A. Skipping lectures will not help you to understand the
concepts.
B. Forming a study group will be helpful for learning
chemistry.
C. Reviewing Learning Goals before reading will help you
understand and remember the concepts.
D. Becoming an active learner will help you understand the
concepts.
Chapter 1
22
1.3
Units of Measurement
Units of Measurement
23
Scientists use the metric system of measurement and have

adopted a modification of the metric system called the
International System of Units as a worldwide standard.
International System of Units (SI) is an official system of
measurement used throughout the world for units in length,
volume, mass, temperature, and time.
Units of Measurement, Metric and SI

24
Length, Meter (m) and Centimeter (cm)

25
1 m = 100 cm
1 m = 39.4 in.
1 m = 1.09 yd
2.54 cm = 1 in.
Volume, Liter (L) and Milliliter (mL)

26
1L
= 1000 mL
1L
= 1.06 qt
946 mL = 1 qt
We use graduated cylinders to

measure small volumes.
Mass, Gram (g) and Kilogram (kg)

27
1 kg
= 1000 g
1 kg
= 2.20 lb
454 g = 1 lb
The mass of a nickel is
5.01 g on an
electronic scale.
Temperature, Celsius (oC) and Kelvin (K)

28
Water freezes:
32 oF
0 oC
The Kelvin scale for temperature
begins at the lowest possible
temperature, 0 K.
A thermometer is used to measure
temperature.
Time, Second (s)

29
The second is the correct metric

and SI unit for time.
The standard measure for 1 s is an
atomic clock.
A stopwatch is used to measure the

time of a race.
Learning Check
30
What are the SI units for the following?

A. volume
B. mass
C. length
D. temperature
Solution
31
What are the SI units for the following?

A. The SI unit for volume is the
cubic meter, m3.
B. The SI unit for mass is the
kilogram, kg.
C. The SI unit for length is the
meter, m.
D. The SI unit for temperature is
Kelvin, K.
32
Chapter 1
1.4
Scientific Notation
People have an average of 1 x 105 hairs on their scalp. Each hair is

about 8 x 106 m wide.
Writing a Number in Scientific Notation

33
Numbers written in scientific notation have three parts:

coefficient
power of 10
unit
To write 2400 m in correct scientific notation:
the coefficient is 2.4
the power of 10 is 3
the unit is "m"
Writing a Number in Scientific Notation

34
2400. m = 2.4 x 1000 =

3 places
0.00086 g =
4 places
2.4 x 103 m
coefficient x power of 10 unit
8.6
= 8.6 x 104
10,000
coefficient x power of 10 unit
Some Powers of 10
35
Some Powers of 10
36
Measurements in Scientific Notation

37
Diameter chickenpox virus
= 0.0000003 m
= 3 x 107 m
Some Measurements Written in Scientific

Notation
38
Scientific Notation and Calculators

39
Number to enter:
Enter:
Display:
4 x 106
4 EXP (EE) 6
4 06 or 406 4 E06
Number to enter:
Enter:
Display:
2.5 x 104
2.5 EXP (EE) +/ 4
2.5 04 or 2.504 2.5 E04
Learning Check
40
Write each of the following in correct scientific notation:

A. 64,000 g
B. 0.021 m
C. 138 mL
Solution
41
Write each of the following in correct scientific notation:

A. 64,000 g
B. 0.021 m
C. 138 mL
6.4 x 104 g
2.1 x 102 m
1.38 x 102 mL
Chapter 1
42
1.5
Measured Numbers and
Significant Figures
Measured Numbers
43
Measured numbers are the numbers obtained when you

measure a quantity such as your height, weight, or
temperature.
Writing Measured Numbers

44
To write a measured number,

observe the numerical values of marked lines
estimate value of number between marks
the estimated number is the final number in your
measured number
Writing Measured Numbers for Length

45
The lengths of the objects are

measured as
(a) 4.5 cm
(b) 4.55 cm
(c) 3.0 cm
A Number Is Significant When

46
A number is a significant figure (SF) if it is

Example
a. not a zero
4.5 g
2 SF
b. a zero between digits 205 m
3 SF
c. a zero at the end of a 50. L 2 SF
decimal number
d. in the coefficient of a 4.8 x 105 m
2 SF
number written in
scientific notation
A Number Is NOT Significant When

47
A number is not significant if it is

Example
a. at the beginning of
a decimal number
b. used as a placeholder
in a large number
without a decimal point
0.0004 s
1 SF
850 000 m
2 SF
Learning Check
48
Identify the significant and nonsignificant zeros in each of the

following numbers:
A. 0.002 650 m
B. 43.026 g
C. 1 044 000 L
Solution
49

following numbers:
A. 0.002 650 m
The zeros preceding 2 are not significant.
The digits 2, 6, 5 are significant.
The zero in last decimal place is significant.
4 SF
B. 43.026 g
The zeros between nonzero digits or at the
end of decimal numbers are significant.
5 SF
Solution
50

following numbers:
C. 1 044 000 L
The zeros between nonzero digits are significant.
The zeros at end of a number with no decimal
are not significant.
4 SF
Exact Numbers
51
Exact numbers are

numbers obtained by counting
in definitions that compare two units
in the same measuring system
8 cookies
6 eggs
1 qt = 4 cups
1 kg = 1000 g
Learning Check
52
Identify the numbers below as measured or exact and give the

number of significant figures in each measured number:
A. 3 coins
B. the diameter of a circle is 7.902 cm
C. 60 min = 1 h
Solution
53
Identify the numbers below as measured or exact and give the

number of significant figures in each measured number:
A. 3 coins is a counting number and therefore is an
exact number.
B. The diameter of a circle is 7.902 cm. This is a measured
number and the zero is significant, so it contains 4 SF.
C. 60 min = 1 h is a definition and therefore an exact
number.
Chapter 1
54
1.6
Significant Figures in Calculations
Rules for Rounding Off

55
1. If the first digit to be dropped is 4 or less, then it and all the

following digits are dropped from the number.
2. If the first digit to be dropped is 5 or greater, then the last
retained digit of the number is increased by 1.
Examples of Rounding
56
Learning Check
57
Select the correct value when 3.1457 g is rounded to:

A. three significant figures
B. two significant figures
Solution
58
Select the correct value when 3.1457 g is rounded to:

A. To round 3.1457 to three significant figures,
drop the final digits, 57
increase the last remaining digit by 1.
The answer is 3.15 g.
B. To round 3.1457 g to two significant figures,
drop the final digits 457.
do not increase the last number by 1 since the first of these
digits is 4.
The answer is 3.1 g.
Rules for Multiplication and Division

59
In multiplication or division, the final answer is written so it has

the same number of significant figures as the measurement
with the fewest significant figures (SFs).
Example 1: Multiply the following measured numbers:
24.66 cm x 0.35 cm
= 8.631 (calculator display)
= 8.6 cm2 (2 significant figures)
Multiplying 4 SFs by 2 SFs gives us an answer with 2 SFs.
Multiplication and Division with SFs

60
Example 2: Multiply and divide the following measured

numbers:
21.5 cm x 0.30 cm =
1.88 cm
Put the following into your calculator:
21.5 x 0.30 1.88 = 3.430851063
= 3.4 cm (2 significant figures)
Multiplying 4 SFs by 2 SFs gives us an answer with 2 SFs.
Multiplication and Division with SFs

61
Example 3: Multiply and divide the following measured

numbers:
6.0 g =
2.00 g
Put the following into your calculator:
6.0 2.00 = 3 (calculator display)
= 3.0 g (2 significant figures)
Add one zero to give 2 significant figures.
Learning Check
62
Perform the following calculation of measured numbers. Give

the answer in the correct number of significant figures.
5.00 cm x 3.408 cm =
2.00 cm
Solution
63
Perform the following calculation of measured numbers. Give

the answer in the correct number of significant figures.
5.00 cm x 3.408 cm =
2.00 cm
(3 SF x 4 SF 3 SF )
= 8.52 cm calculator display and correct
significant figures.
Addition and Subtraction

64
In addition or subtraction, the final answer is written so it has the same number
of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest decimal places.
Example 1: Add the following measured numbers:
2.012 g three decimal places
61.09 g two decimal places
+ 3.0
g one decimal place
66.102 g (calculator display)
= 66.1 g answer rounded to one decimal place
Addition and Subtraction with SFs

65
Example 2: Subtract the following measured numbers:

65.09 g two decimal places
3.0 g one decimal place
62.09 g (calculator display)
= 62.1 g answer rounded to one decimal place
Learning Check
66
Add the following measured numbers:

82.409 mg
+ 22.0
mg
Solution
67
Add the following measured numbers:

82.409 mg three decimal places
+ 22.0
mg one decimal place
104.409 mg (calculator display)
= 104.4
mg answer rounded to one decimal place
Chapter 1
68
1.7
Prefixes and Equalities
Prefixes
69
A special feature of the SI as well as the metric system is that a prefix

can be placed in front of any unit to increase or decrease its size by
some factor of ten.
For example, the prefixes milli and micro are used to make the smaller
units:
milligram (mg)
microgram (g)
Prefixes and Equalities

70
The relationship of a prefix to a unit can be expressed by

replacing the prefix with its numerical value.
For example, when the prefix kilo in kilometer is replaced with

its value of 1000, we find that a kilometer is equal to 1000
meters.
kilometer
=
1000 meters
kilogram
=
1000 grams
Prefixes That Increase Unit Size

71
Prefixes That Decrease Unit Size

72
Learning Check
73
Fill in the blanks with the correct prefix:

A. 1000 m = 1 ___m
B. 1 x 103 g = 1 ___g
C. 0.01 m = 1 ___m
Solution
74
Fill in the blanks with the correct prefix:

A. 1000 m = 1 ___m
The prefix for 1000 is kilo; 1000 m = 1 km
B. 1 x 103 g = 1 ___g
The prefix for 1 x 103 is milli; 1 x 103 g = 1 mg
C. 0.01 m = 1 ___m
The prefix for 0.01 is centi; 0.01 m = 1 cm
Measuring Length
75
Each of the following equalities describes the same length

in a different unit.
1m
1m
1 cm
= 100 cm
= 1000 mm
= 10 mm
= 1 x 102 cm
= 1 x 103 mm
= 1 x 101 mm
Measuring Length
76
The metric length of 1 meter is the same as 10 dm, 100 cm, or

1000 mm.
Measuring Volume
77
Examples of Some Volume Equalities

1 L = 10 dL
1 L = 1000 mL
1 dL = 100 mL
= 1 x 101 dL
= 1 x 103 mL
= 1 x 102 mL
The Cubic Centimeter

78
The cubic centimeter (abbreviated as cm3 or cc) is the

volume of a cube whose dimensions are 1 cm on each
side.
A cubic centimeter has the same volume as a milliliter, and
the units are often used interchangeably.
1 cm3 = 1 cc = 1 mL
The Cubic Centimeter

79
1 cm3 = 1 cc = 1 mL
10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm = 1000 cm3 = 1000 mL = 1 L
Measuring Mass
80
Examples of Some Mass Equalities

1 kg = 1000 g
1 g = 1000 mg
1 g = 100 cg
1 mg = 1000 g
= 1 x 103 g
= 1 x 103 mg
= 1 x 102 cg
= 1 x 103 g
Learning Check
81
Identify the larger unit in each of the following:

A. mm or cm
B. kilogram or centigram
C. mL or L
Solution
82
Identify the larger unit in each of the following:

A. mm or cm
A mm is 0.001 m, smaller than a cm, 0.01 m.
B. kilogram or centigram
A kilogram is 1000 g, larger than a centigram or 0.01 g.
C. mL or L
A milliliter is 0.001 L, larger than a L, 0.000 001 L.
Chapter 1
83
1.8
Writing Conversion Factors
Equalities
84
Equalities
use two different units to describe the same measured
amount
are written for relationships between units of the metric
system, U.S. units, or between metric and U.S. units
For example,
1m
1000 mm
1 lb
= 16 oz
2.20 lb
1 kg
Exact and Measured Numbers in

Equalities
85
Equalities between units in

the same system of measurement are definitions that use
exact numbers
different systems of measurement (metric and U.S.) use
measured numbers that have significant figures
Exception:
The equality 1 in. = 2.54 cm has been defined as an exact
relationship and therefore 2.54 is an exact number.
Some Common Equalities

86
Equalities on Food Labels

87
The contents of
packaged foods
in the U.S. are listed
in both metric and

U.S. units
indicate the same
amount of a substance
in two different units
Conversion Factors
88
A conversion factor is
obtained from an equality and written in the form of a fraction with a

numerator and denominator
Equality:
1 in. = 2.54 cm
inverted to give two conversion factors for every equality

1 in.
2.54 cm
and
2.54 cm
1 in.
Learning Check
89
Write conversion factors from the equality for each of the

following:
A. L and mL
B. hours and minutes
C. meters and kilometers
Solution
90
Write conversion factors from the equality for each of the

following:
A. 1 L = 1000 mL
1L
and 1000 mL
1000 mL
1L
B. 1 h = 60 min
1h
and
60 min
60 min
1h
C. 1 km = 1000 m
1 km
1000 m
1000 m
1 km
and
Conversion Factors in a Problem

91
A conversion factor
may be obtained from information in a word problem
is written for that problem only
Example 1:
The price of one pound (1 lb) of red peppers is $2.39.
1 lb red peppers
and
$2.39
$2.39
1 lb red peppers
Example 2:
The cost of one gallon (1 gal) of gas is $2.89.
1 gal gas
$2.89
and
$2.89
1 gal gas
Percent as a Conversion Factor

92
A percent factor
gives the ratio of the parts to the whole
% = parts x 100
whole
uses the same unit in the numerator and denominator
uses the value of 100
can be written as two factors
Example: A food contains 30% (by mass) fat:
30 g fat
and
100 g food
100 g food
30 g fat
Percent Factor in a Problem

93
The thickness of the skin fold at

the waist indicates 11% body
fat. What factors can be written
for percent body fat (in kg)?
Percent factors using kg:
11 kg fat and
100 kg mass
100 kg mass
11 kg fat
Smaller Percents: ppm and ppb

94
Small percents are given as ppm and ppb.
Parts per million (ppm) =
mg part
kg whole
Example: The EPA allows 15 ppm cadmium in food colors.
15 mg of cadmium = 1 kg of food color
Parts per billion (ppb) = g part

kg whole
Example: The EPA allows 10 ppb arsenic in public water.
10 g of arsenic = 1 kg of water
Learning Check
95
Write the conversion factors for 10 ppb arsenic in public

water from the equality.
Solution
96
Write the conversion factors for 10 ppb arsenic in public

water from the equality.
Conversion Factors
10 g arsenic
1 kg water
and
1 kg water
10 g arsenic
Study Tip: Conversion Factors

97
An equality
is written as a fraction (ratio)
provides two conversion factors that are the inverse of
each other
Learning Check
98
Write the equality and conversion factors for each of the

following.
A. meters and centimeters
B. jewelry that contains 18% gold
C. one gallon of gas is $3.40
Solution
99
A. meters and centimeters:

1m
and 100 cm
1 m = 100 cm
100 cm
1m
B. jewelry that contains

18% gold: 100 g of jewelry = 18 g of gold
18 g gold and 100 g jewelry
100 g jewelry
18 g gold
C. one gallon of gas is $3.40: 1 gal gas = $3.40

1 gal gas and
$3.40
$3.40
1 gal gas
Risk-Benefit Assessment
100
A measurement of toxicity is
LD50 or lethal dose
the concentration of the substance that causes death

in 50% of the test animals
in milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg or ppm) of body mass
in micrograms per kilogram (g/kg or ppb) of body mass
Learning Check
101
The LD50 for aspirin is 1100 ppm. How many grams of

aspirin would be lethal in 50% of persons with a body
mass of 85 kg?
A. 9.4 g
B. 94 g
C. 94 000 g
Solution
102
The LD50 for aspirin is 1100 ppm. How many grams of

aspirin would be lethal in 50% of persons with a body
mass of 85 kg?
85 kg x 1100 mg
1 kg
1g
1000 mg
= 94 g of aspirin
103
Chapter 1
1.9
Problem Solving
Given and Needed Units

104
To solve a problem,
identify the given unit
identify the needed unit
Example:
A person has a height of 2.0 meters. What is that height in
inches?
The given unit is the initial unit of height.
given unit = meters (m)
The needed unit is the unit for the answer.
needed unit = inches (in.)
Study Tip: Problem Solving Using GPS

105
The steps in the

Guide to
Problem Solving (GPS)
are useful in setting up
a problem with conversion
factors.
Setting Up a Problem
106
How many minutes are in 2.5 hours?

Solution:
Step 1 State the given and needed quantities.
Given unit:
2.5 hours
Needed unit: min
Step 2 Write a unit plan.
Plan:
hours
min
Solving a Problem
107
How many minutes are in 2.5 hours?

Step 3 State equalities and conversion factors to cancel units.
60 min = 1 h
60 min and 1 h
1h
60 min
Step 4 Set up problem to cancel units.
Given Conversion Needed unit
unit
factor
2.5 h x 60 min = 150 min (2 SF)
1h
Learning Check
108
A rattlesnake is 2.44 m long. How many centimeters long is

the snake?
Solution
109

the snake?
Given unit:
2.44 m
Needed unit: cm
Plan:
meters
centimeters
Solution
110

the snake?
1 m = 102 cm
102 cm and
1m
1m
102 cm
Given Conversion Needed unit
unit
factor
2.44 m x 102 cm = 244 cm (3 SF)
1m
Learning Check
111
How many minutes are in 1.4 days?
Solution
112

Given unit: 1.4 days
Needed unit: minutes
Factor 1
Plan:
days
Factor 2
min
Solution
113

1 day = 24 hours
24 hours and
1 day
1 day
24 hours
1 hour = 60 minutes 60 min
and 1 h
1h
60 min
Solution
114

Given
unit
Conversion Conversion
factor
factor
Needed unit
1.4 days x 24 h x 60 min = 2.0 x 103 min

1 day
1h
(rounded)
2 SF
Exact
Exact = 2 SF
Study Tip: Check Unit Cancellation

115
Be sure to check the unit cancellation in the setup.

The units in the conversion factors must cancel to give the
correct unit for the answer.
What is wrong with the following setup?
1.4 day
x 1 day x 1 h
24 h
60 min
=
day2/min is not the unit needed.
Units dont cancel properly.
Learning Check
116
If your pace on a treadmill is 65 meters per minute, how many

minutes will it take for you to walk a distance of 7.5
kilometers?
Solution
117
If your pace on a treadmill is 65 meters per minute, how many minutes

will it take for you to walk a distance of 7.5 kilometers?
Given units: 7.5 km, 65 meters per minute
Needed unit: minutes
Factor 1
Plan: kilometers
Factor 2
meters
min
Solution
118
If your pace on a treadmill is 65 meters per minute, how many minutes

will it take for you to walk a distance of 7.5 kilometers?
1 kilometer = 103 meters
103 meters and 1 kilometer
1 kilometer
103 meters
65 meters = 1 minute 65 meters and 1 minute
1 minute
65 meters
Solution
119
If your pace on a treadmill is 65 meters per minute, how many minutes will it
take for you to walk a distance of 7.5 kilometers?
Given
unit
Conversion
Conversion
factor
factor
Needed unit
7.5 kilometers x 103 meters x 1 minute = 120 minutes

1 kilometer 65 meters (rounded)
2 SF
Exact
2 SF
= 2 SF
Percent Factor in a Problem

120
If the thickness of the skin fold at the

waist indicates 11% body fat, how
much fat is in a person with a mass
of 86 kg?
Percent factor: 11 kg fat
100 kg mass
percent factor
86 kg mass x 11 kg fat
100 kg mass
= 9.5 kg of fat
Learning Check
121
How many pounds of sugar are in 120 g of candy if the

candy is 25% (by mass) sugar?
Solution
122
How many pounds of sugar are in 120 g of candy if the candy is

25% (by mass) sugar?
Given units: 120 g of candy
25% by mass sugar
Needed unit: pounds sugar
Conversion
factor
Plan: grams
Percent
factor
pounds candy
pounds sugar
Solution
123
How many pounds of sugar are in 120 g of candy if the

candy is 25% (by mass) sugar?
Step 3 State equalities and conversion factors to cancel
units.
1 pound = 454 grams
454 g and
1 lb
1 lb
454 g
25 pounds of sugar = 100 pounds of candy
25 lb sugar and 100 lb candy
100 lb candy
25 lb sugar
Solution
124
How many pounds of sugar are in 120 g of candy if the candy is

25% (by mass) sugar?
Given
unit
Conversion
factor
Percent
factor
120 g candy x 1 lb candy x 25 lb sugar

454 g candy 100 lb candy
= 0.066 lb of sugar
Chapter 1
125
1.10
Density
Objects that sink in water are more dense than

water; objects that float in water are less dense.
Density
126
Density
compares the mass of an object to its volume

is the mass of a substance divided by its volume
Density Expression
Density = mass = g or g
or g/cm3
volume mL
cm3
Note: 1 mL = 1 cm3
Densities of Common Substances

127
Calculating Density
128
Learning Check
129
Osmium is a very dense metal. What is its density in g/cm3

if 50.0 g of osmium has a volume of 2.22 cm3?
1) 2.25 g/cm3
2) 22.5 g/cm3
3) 111 g/cm3
Solution
130

Given: 50.0 g; 22.2 cm3 Need: density, g/cm3
Step 2 Write the density expression.
D = mass
volume
Step 3 Express mass in grams and volume in mL or cm3.
Mass = 50.0 g
Volume = 22.2 cm3
Step 4 Substitute mass and volume into the density expression
and calculate.
D = 50.0 g = 22.522522 g/cm3
2.22 cm3
= 22.5 g/cm3 (rounded to 3 SFs)
Volume by Displacement
131
A solid
completely submerged
in water displaces its
own volume of water
has a volume calculated

from the volume
difference
45.0 mL 35.5 mL
= 9.5 mL
= 9.5 cm3
Density Using Volume Displacement

132
The density of the zinc object is

calculated from its mass
and volume.
Density =
mass = 68.60 g = 7.2 g/cm3
volume
9.5 cm3
Learning Check
133
What is the density (g/cm3) of a 48.0-g sample of a metal if the

level of water in a graduated cylinder rises from 25.0 mL to 33.0
mL after the metal is added?
1) 0.17 g/cm3
25.0 mL
2) 6.0 g/cm3
3) 380 g/cm3
33.0 mL
object
Solution
134

Given: 48.0 g
Volume of water = 25.0 mL
Volume of water + metal = 33.0 mL
Need: Density
Step 2 Write the density expression.
Density =
mass of metal
volume of metal
Solution
135
Step 3 Express mass in grams and volume in mL or cm3.

Mass = 48.0 g
Volume of the metal is equal to the volume of water
displaced.
Volume of water + metal
Volume of water
Volume of metal
= 33.0 mL
= 25.0 mL
= 8.0 mL
Solution
136
Step 4 Substitute mass and volume into the density expression

and calculate the density.
Density = 48.0 g = 6.0 g = 6.0 g/mL
8.0 mL
1 mL
Sink or Float
137
Ice floats in water

because the
density of ice is
less than the
density of water.
Aluminum sinks
because its density
is greater than the
density of water.
Learning Check
138
Which diagram correctly represents the liquid layers in

the cylinder? Karo syrup (K) (1.4 g/mL); vegetable oil
(V) (0.91 g/mL); water (W) (1.0 g/mL)
1
Solution
139
1)
V
W
K
vegetable oil 0.91 g/mL

water 1.0 g/mL
Karo syrup 1.4 g/mL
Problem Solving Using Density

140
Density can be written as an equality.

For a substance with a density of 3.8 g/mL, the equality is
3.8 g = 1 mL
From this equality, two conversion factors can be written for

density.
Conversion 3.8 g
factors
1 mL
and
1 mL
3.8 g
Problem Solving Using Density

141
Learning Check
142
The density of octane, a component of gasoline, is 0.702

g/mL. What is the mass, in kg, of 875 mL of octane?
A. 0.614 kg
B. 614 kg
C. 1.25 kg
Solution
143
The density of octane, a component of gasoline, is 0.702

g/mL. What is the mass, in kg, of 875 mL of octane?
Given:
Density of octane = 0.702 g/mL

Volume = 875 mL
Needed:
Mass of octane
Step 2 Write a plan to calculate the needed quantity.

Density
Plan: milliliters
Conversion
factor
grams
kilograms
Solution
144
The density of octane, a component of gasoline, is 0.702 g/mL.

What is the mass, in kg, of 875 mL of octane?
Step 3 Write equalities and their conversion factors including
density.
density
0.702 g = 1 mL
and
1 kg = 1000 g
Step 4 Set up problem to calculate the needed quantity.
875 mL x 0.702 g x 1 kg = 0.614 kg
1 mL
1000 g
Answer is A, 0.614 kg.

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Chapter 1

Chemistry and Measurements

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition

Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

is the study of composition,

happens all around you everyday

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition

Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Antacid tablets are matter.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition

Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The field of chemistry is divided into branches, such as

organic chemistry, the study of substances that contain

inorganic chemistry, the study of all substances except

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition

Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Chemistry + Other Sciences

Chemistry is often combined

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition

Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition

Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Chemicals Commonly Used in Toothpaste

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition

Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Chemicals Used When Cooking

Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Which of the following contains chemicals?

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition

Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Which of the following contains chemicals?

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition

Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Which of the following activities should be included in your

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition

Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition

Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Features in This Text Help You Study

- inside front cover

- inside back cover

- beginning of each chapter

- beginning of each section

5. Glossary and Index

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition

Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Before you begin to read the chapter

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition

Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

As you read the chapter

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition

Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Throughout the Chapter

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition

Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Figures and Diagrams

Many figures and diagrams use micro-to-macro illustrations

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition

Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition

Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Active Learning Steps

You can become an active learner and enhance your learning

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Eleventh Edition