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PS1000

Introduction to Neuroscience
Dr Claire Gibson
School of Psychology, University of Leicester
cg95@le.ac.uk

1. Functional Neuroanatomy The Nervous


System and Behaviour
2. Development and Plasticity of the Nervous System

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Functional Neuroanatomy
The Nervous System and Behaviour
Overview
Cells of the nervous system (NS)
Gross neuroanatomy
Introduction to the larger-scale neural structures that are
constructed from the cellular building blocks

Functional neuroanatomy
Correlating anatomy with behaviour

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Cells of the nervous system


Nerve cells (neurons)
specialised cells
convey sensory information into the brain
transmit commands from the brain to control organs
and muscles,
thought, feeling, action
form complex circuits

Glial cells
support (variety of mechanisms)
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The Neuron
Camillo Golgi (1843-1926)
Neurons were continuous with one
another
Nearly endless network of connected
tubes
Revolutionary staining

Santiago Ramon y Cajal


(1852-1934)
Used Golgis staining techniques
Neurones are not continuous with
one anotehr
Small gaps exist

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The Neuron Doctrine


States that;
The brain is composed of separate neurons (and
other cells) that are independent structurally,
metabolically and functionally.
Information is transmitted from cell to cell across
tiny gaps (synapses Charles Sherrington).

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Structure of the Neuron


Common to all neurons;
1. Input zone
Cellular extensions (dendrites) which receive inputs
from other neurones, branched

2. Integration zone
Cell body region

3. Conduction zone
A single extension (axon) transmits information away
from the cell body

4. Output zone
Axon terminals (synaptic boutons), communicate the
cells activity to other cells
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Classification of neurones
1. Shape
2. Size
3. Function

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Classification of neurones
1. Shape
1. Bipolar neurones
2. Monopolar neurones
3. Multipolar neurones

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Classification of neurones
2. Size

considerable variety in shape and size

larger neurones
more complex inputs/outputs
cover greater distances
convey information more rapidly
.than smaller neurones

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Classification of neurones
3. Function
i) motor neuron (motoneuron)
located in spinal cord,
transmits information from the spinal cord to the
muscles,

ii) sensory neuron


a neuron directly affected by changes in the
environment (e.g. touch)

iii) Interneuron
neither a sensory or motoneuron,
receives information from and sends output to other
neurones,
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Glial cells
Glia = glue (greek)
Originally thought to simply stick NS together

Structural support
Communicate (with each other and
neurones)
Directly affect neuronal functioning
Provide raw materials and chemical signals
Directly affect neuronal structure and excitability,
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Glial cells
Dendrites

Astrocyte

Oligodendrocyte

Neuron cell body

Main types; astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells


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Synapses (PS1003)

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The Nervous System


Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System


(PNS)
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Autonomic nervous system

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The Brain
1400g (~2% body weight)
Cerebral hemispheres
Convolutions = folding= gyri (gyrus)
Separated from each other by sulci
(sulcus)
White matter fiber tracts
Grey matter cell bodies and
dendrites (lack myelin)
CNS = hierarchial
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Forebrain

Cerebral hemispheres,
thalamus, hypothalamus

Cerebral hemispheres

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
(bones)

Corpus callosum

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Structure

Major Function

Frontal Lobe
Motor cortex
Basal ganglia
Brocas area
Prefrontal cortex

Plans and executes voluntary movements


Smoothes movements
Controls speech
Planning, impulse control

Parietal lobes
Somatosensory cortex
Association cortex

Projection area for body senses


Location of body and objects in space

Temporal lobes
Auditory cortex
Wernickes area
Inferior temporal cortex

Auditory information
Language area meaning
Visual identification of objects

Occipital lobes
Primary visual cortex
Visual association cortex

Projection area for visual information


Processes components of visual information
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Support and nourishment for the brain

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Support and nourishment for the brain


Ventricular system
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Choroid plexus

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Relating structure to function


The case of Phineas Gage (1848)
25-yr old construction worker
3.5 foot long tamping iron through cheek and
out of skull
Regained consciousness, talk, walk,
No impairment of; speech, learning, memory,
intelligence
Dramatic personality changes
Post-mortem damage to both areas of
frontal lobe for processing emotions and
making rational decisions
Localisation of function
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Summary

Neurons and glia


The neuron doctrine
Classification of neurons
Anatomy of the brain (forebrain)
Support and nourishment for the brain
meninges, CSF
Localisation of functions within the brain

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