Definition
Causes and pathophysiology
Types of heart failure
Compensatory mechanism of heart
failure
Clinical manifestations
Classification of heart failure
Diagnostic evaluation
Medical management
Nursing management
Causes of congestive
heart failure
Coronary
artery disease
Heart attack
High blood pressure
Heart valves disorders
Inflammation
of
Heart
muscle
(myocarditis,
cardiomyopathy)
Severe
Types
Left-sided
heart failure
There are two types of leftsided heart failure
Systolic dysfunction
Diastolic dysfunction
Right-sided heart failure
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system
Sympathetic nervous system
Enlargement of the muscular
walls
of
the
ventricles
(ventricular hypertrophy).
Dyspnea
Orthopnea
Reduced
exercise
lethargy, fatigue
Nocturnal cough
Wheeze
Ankle swelling
Anorexia
tolerance,
Class
of patients%
Symptoms
35%
No
symptoms
or
limitations in ordinary
physical activity
II
35%
Mild
symptoms
and
slight limitation during
ordinary activity
III
25%
Marked
limitation
in
activity
even
during
minimal
activity.
Comfortable only at rest
IV
5%
Severe
Experiences
limitation.
symptoms
even at rest
Patient history
Physical examination
Diagnostic studies
1. Electrocardiography (ejection
fraction)
2. Radionuclide
3.
magnetic resonance
4. computed tomography imaging
5. cardiac catheterization with
angiography
6. a biopsy of heart muscle is needed
Treatment
Salt restriction
2. Exercises
3. Smoking and alcoholism
Body weight (daily weight)
5. Supportive stockings
1.
4.
lifestyle change
Treatment (cont)
Drug management
Angiotensin-converting
enzyme
(ACE)
inhibitors
Angiotensin II receptor blockers
Beta-blockers
Other vasodilators ( nitroglycerin)
Cardiac glycosides (digoxin)
Aldosterone
receptor
blockers
(spironolactone)
Loop diuretics
Treatment (cont)
Potassium-sparing diuretics
Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics
Anticoagulants (heparine)
Opioids (morphine) to relieve anxiety
Positive
inotropic drugs (drugs
that make muscle contract more
forcefully) (dopamine)
Treatment (cont)
Non pharmacological
(surgical intervention)
management
of
heart
failure
Heart transplantation
Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)