Camille Cruz
Chase Thompson
Tyler Nelson
September 26, 2013
Outline
Introduction
Transistors Types
Bipolar Junction Transistors
Field Effect Transistors
Power Transistors
Example
What is a Transistor?
Transistors
First Transistor
Purpose
To amplify and switch electronic signals on or off
(high or low)
Modern Electronics
Microprocessor
Motor Controllers
Cell Phones
Vacuum tubes
Purpose
Used as signal amplifiers and switches
Advantages
High power and frequency operation
Operation at higher voltages
Less vulnerable to electromagnetic pulses
Disadvantages
Very large and fragile
Energy inefficient
Expensive
Invention
Evolution of electronics
In need of a device that was small, robust, reliable,
energy efficient and cheap to manufacture
1947
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Schockly
invented transistor
Transistor Effect
when electrical contacts
were applied to a crystal
of germanium, the output
power was larger than
the input.
General Applications
Doping
Process of introducing impure elements
(dopants) into semiconductor wafers to form
regions of differing electrical conductivity
Doping Effects
P-type semiconductors
Created positive charges, where electrons have
been removed, in lattice structure
N-type semiconductors
Added unbound electrons create negative charge
in lattice structure
Resulting material
P-N junction
P-N junction
Forward Biasing
Reverse Biasing
P-N junction
Controls current flow via external voltage
Transistor Categories
Semiconductor material
Structure
Polarity
Maximum power rating
Maximum operating frequency
Application
Physical packaging
Amplification factor
Types of Transistors
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
Power Transistors
BJT Introduction
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)
consists of three sandwiched
semiconductor layers
The three layers are connected to collector
(C), emitter (E), and base (B) pins
Current supplied to the base controls the
amount of current that flows through the
collector and emitter
BJT Schematic
NPN
NPN
BE forward bias
BC reverse bias
PNP
BE reverse bias
BC forward bias
PNP
Parameters
VBE < Vcut-in
VCE > Vsupply
I B = IC = 0
Mode
Switch OFF
Linear
VBE = Vcut-in
Vsat < VCE < Vsupply
IC = *IB
Amplification
Saturated
VBE = Vcut-in,
VCE < Vsat
IB > IC,max, IC,max >
0
Switch ON
BJT Applications
BJT Switch
Offer lower cost and substantial reliability over conventional
mechanical relays.
Transistor operates purely in a saturated or cutoff state (on/off)
This can prove very useful for digital applications (small current
controls a larger current)
BJT Applications
BJT Amplifier
BJT Applications
BJT Amplifier
Chase Thompson
FET Basics
Electric Field
Voltage Controlled
FET includes three distinct pieces
Drain
Source
Gate
Difference:
Voltage vs Current Input
Unipolar vs Bipolar
Noise
Higher input impedance
Fragile and low gain bandwidth
Type
Function
(JFET)
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FET
(MOSFET)
(IGBT)
(OFET)
JFET
Reverse Biased PNjunction
Depletion mode devices
Creates a potential
gradient to restrict
current flow. (Increases
overall resistance)
http://www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk/mmg/teaching/linearcircuits/jfet.html
JFET
N-channel JFET
N-Type Characteristics
MOSFET
p-channel
Similar to JFET
A single channel of single doped SC
material with terminals at end
Gate surrounds channel with doping that
is opposite of the channel, making the
PNP or NPN type
BUT, the MOSFET uses an insulator to
separate gate from body, while JFET uses
a reverse-bias p-n junction
n-channel
MOSFET
enhanced mode
MOSFET
depleted mode
Voltage to Gate
Drain
Source
Drain
Simplified
Notation
No current flow
MOSFET
Triode Mode/Linear Region
Saturation/Active Mode
Power Transistors
Concerned with delivering high power
Used in high voltage and high current application
In general
Fabrication process different in order to:
Dissipate more heat
Avoid breakdown
Different types: Power BJTs, power MOSFETS, etc.
Comparison
Proper BJT
ty
MOSFE JFET
T
Gm
Speed
Noise
Best
High
Moderat
e
No
Worst
Medium
Worst
Medium
Low
Best
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Good
Switch
High-Z
Gate
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Questions?