FAMILY

INTRODUCTION
Family' is a single word, with many
different meanings. People have many
ways of defining a family and what being
a part of a family means to them.
Families differ in terms of economic,
cultural, social, and many other facets,
but what every family has in common is
that the people who call it a family are
making clear that those people are
important in some way to the person
calling them his family.

At the end of the lesson the student

can;
Explain the developmental tasks of the
family.
Create her/his family tree.
Draw insights of the value of a family.
Discuss Theories of Personality

FAMILY AS A UNIT
Basic unit in society, and is shaped by
all forces surround it
Is a unit of interacting persons bound
by ties of blood, marriage or adoption.

DEFINITION OF FAMILY
Family is a group of people connected
emotionally, or by blood, or in both ways
that has developed patterns of interaction
and relationships. Family members have a
shared history and a shared future (Carter
&McGoldrick, 2005).

TYPES OF FAMILY

Nuclear
Extended
Single parent
Blended / Reconstituted
Compound

Communal
Cohabiting / Live-in
Dyad

FAMILY
DEVELOPMENTAL TASK

Stage 1: Beginning family

Married couple establish home but no
children
Developmental Tasks: Establishing a
satisfying home and marriage
relationship and preparing for childbirth.

Stage 2: Childbearing Family

From birth of 1St child until that child is 2
years old
Developmental Task: Adjusting to
increased family size and providing a
positive developmental environment.

Stage 3: Family with Preschoolers

Oldest child is between 2 and 6
Developmental tasks (DT): coping with
demands on energy and attention with less
privacy at home
Stage 4: Family with School Children
When oldest child is between ages of 6 and
13
DT: Promoting educational achievement
and fitting in with the community of
families with school-age children

Stage 5: Family with Teenagers

Oldest child is between ages of 13 and 20
DT: Allowing and helping children to
become more independent.

Stage 6: Launching Centre

When oldest child leaves family until the
youngest leaves home
DT: Releasing young adults and accepting
new ways of relating to them; maintaining
a supportive home base.

Stage 7: Empty Nest

From time children are gone till couple
retires
DT: Renewing and redefining marriage
relationship; preparing for retirement
years.

Stage 8: Aging Family

From retirement till death of the marriage
partner
DT: Adjusting to retirement; coping with
death and living alone.

Review Theories of
Personality Development

A theory is a systematic statement

of principles that provides a
framework for explaining some
phenomenon.
Developmental
theories provide road maps for
explaining human development.

Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

Freud based his theory on his observations
of mentally disturbed adults. He described
adult behavior as being the result of
instinctual drives that have a primarily
sexual nature (libido) that arise from within
the person and the conflicts that develop
between these instincts (represented in the
individual as the id), reality (the ego), and
society (the superego). He described child
development as being a series of
psychosexual stages in which a child's
sexual gratification becomes focused on a


Infant

Todller

Freud's Stages of Childhood

Psychosexual
Nursing
Stage
Implications
Oral stage: child Provide oral
explores the
stimulation by
world by using
giving pacifiers;
mouth, especially do not
tongue.
discourage
thumb sucking.
Anal stage: Child Help children
learns to control achieve bowel
urination and
and bladder
defacation.
control without
undue emphasis
on its
importance. If at
all possible,
continue bowel
and bladder

Preschooler

Phallic stage: Child

learns sexual
identity through
awarwness of
genital area.

School-age child

Latent stage:
Child's personality
development
appears to be
nonactive or
dormant.

Adolescent

Genital stage:

Accept children's
swxual interest,
such as fondling
their own genitals,
as a normal area of
exploration. Help
parents answer
child's question
about birth or
sexual deifferences.
Help children have
posituve
experiences with
learning so their
self-esteem
continues to grow
and they can
prepare for the
conflicts of
adolescence.
Provide appropriate

Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial

Development
Erik Erikson (1902-1996) was trained in
psychoanalytic theory but later developed his
own theory of psychosocial development, a
theory that stresses the importance of culture
and society in development of the personality
(Erikson, 1993). One of the main tenets if his
theory, that a person's social view of self is
more important than instinctual drives in
determining behavior, allows for a more
optimistic view of the possibilities for human
growth.


Infant

Toddler

Erikson's Stages of Childhood

Developmental Task Nursing Implications
Developmental task Provide a primary
is to form a sense of caregiver. Provide
trust versus
experiences that add
mistrust. Child
to security, such as
learns to love and be soft sounds and
loved.
touch. Provide visual
stimulation for
active child
involvement.
Developmental task Provide
is to form a sense of opportunities for
autonomy versus
decision making,
shame. Child learns such as offering
to be independent
choices of clothes to
and make decision
wear or toys to play
for self.
with. Praise for
ability to make
decisions rather
than judging

Preschooler

School-age child

Adolescent

Developmental task is
to form a sense of
initiative versus guilt.
Child learns how ti do
things (basic problem
solving) and that doing
things is desirable.

Provide opportunities
for exploring new
places or activities.
Allow play to include
activities. Allow play to
include activities
involving water, clay, or
finger paint.
Developmental task is
Provide oportunities
to foem a sense of
such as allowing child
induatry versus
to assemble and
inferiority. Child learna complete a short
how to do things well.
project so that child
feels rewarded for
accomplishment.
Developmental task is
Provide opportunities
to form a sense of
for an adolescent to
identity versus role
discuss feelings about
confusion. Adolwscenta events important to him
learn who they are and or her. Offer support
what kind of peraon
and praise for decision
they will be by
making.
adjusting to a new body
image, seeking

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive

Development
Jean
Piaget
(1896-1980),
is
a
Swiss
psychologist, introduced concepta of cognitive
development or the way children learn and
think that have roots similar to those of both
Freud and Erikson and yet separate fron each
(Wadsworth, 2003). Piaget defined four stagws
of cognitive development; within each stage
are finer units or schemas. Each period is an
advance over the previous one. To progress
from one period to the next, children
reorganize their thinking process to bring them

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

Stage of
Age Span
Nursing Implications
Development
Sensorimotor
1 mo
Stimuli are
assimilated into
Neonatal reflex
beginning mental
images. Behavior
entirwly reflexive.
Primary circular
1-4 mo
Hand-mouth and earreaction
eye coorsination
develop. Infant
spends much time
looking at objects
and separati g self
from them.
Secondary circular
4-8 mo
Infant learns to
reaction
initiate, recognize ,
and repeat
pleasurable
experiences from
environment.
Memory traces are

Coordination of
secondary reactions

8-12 mo

Tertiary circular
reaction

12-18 mo

Invention of new
18-24 mo
means through mental
combinations

Infant can plan

activities to attain
specific goals.
Perceives that othera
can cause activity and
that activities of own
body are separate fron
activity of objects.
Child is able to
experiment to discover
new properties of
objects and events.
Capable of space
perception and time
perception as well as
permanence.
Transitional phase to
the preoperational
thought period. Uses
memory and imitation
to act. Can solve basic
problems, foresee
maneuvers that will
succeed or fail.

Preoperarional thought 2-7 yr

Concrete operational
thought

7-12 yr

Formal operational
thought

12 yr

Thought becomes more

symbolic; can arrive at
answers mentally
instead of through
physical attempt.
Comprehends simple
abstractions but
thinking is basically
concrete and literal.
Concrete operations
includes systwmatic
reasoning. Uses
memory to learn broad
concepts (fruit) and
subgroups (aapples
oranges). Understands
conservation, sees
constancy despite
transformation.
Can solve hypothetical
problems with
scientific reasoning;
understands causality
and can deal with the

Bowlby's Phases of Grieving

John Bowlby, a British psychoanalyst,
proposed a theory that humans instinctively
attain and retain affectional bonds with
significant others through attachment
behaviors. These attachment behaviors are
crucial to the development of a sense of
security and survival.

Bowlby described the grieving process

as having four phases:
1. Experiencing numbness and denying
loss
2. Emotionally yearning for the lost loved
one and protesting the permanence of
the loss
3. Experiencing cognitive disorganization
and emotional despair with difficulty
functioning in the everyday world.
4. Reorganizing and reintegrating the
sense of self to pull life back together.