Advanced Construction Technology

SWAPNIL HOLE
MIS 111301023

Ground and soil

stabilisation

General problems of ground

instability include:

Landslip
Surface flooding and soil erosion
Natural caves and fissures
Mining and quarrying
Landfill
Natural geological variation faults, changes in
geology differential settlement

Ground stabilisation
Dynamic compaction
Vibro compaction - Vibro displacement
Vibro flotation - high pressure water
jets (improves penetration of hard
substrates)
Pressure grouting
Surcharging
Geotechnic membranes
Soil modification and stabilisation

Dynamic compaction
This involves dropping heavy weights onto the
ground.
The weight causes the ground to compact.

Dynamic compaction
Ground is consolidated by repeatedly
dropping dead weights and specially
designed tampers
Weights include: Flat bottomed and cone
tampers
Traditional weights are flat bottomed with
cable
Modern systems use cones with guide rails
Dynamic compaction is suitable for granular
soils, made-up and fill sites
Using dynamic compaction bearing
capacities of 50 to 150kN/m2 can be
achieved

Dynamic
compaction

Typical weight (mass) 7-11 tonnes

Pass 3

Pass 1 and
pass 2

Tamer drops and exerts known

impact energy on strata

Zone compacted
3rd Pass
Zone compacted
2nd Pass
Pass 1

Pass 2

Pass 2

50 150 kN/m2
Typical bearing
capacity
Pass 1
Required treatment
depth

Zone compacted
1st Pass
Sound strata

Dynamic compaction rig

Vibro compaction or vibro

displacement
Vibrating mandrels (poker, shaft or rod)
penetrates, displaces and compacts
the ground.
Void Created is filled with stone and
recompacted
Produces stone columns in the ground,
compacts surrounding strata enhancing
the ground bearing capacity and
limiting settlement
Typical applications include support of
foundations, slabs, hard standings,
pavements, tanks or embankments.

Vibro compaction continued

Used in soft soils, man made and other
strata, can be reinforced to achieve
improved specification
On slopes it can limit the risk of slip
failure.
Ground bearing capacities, for low to
medium rise buildings and industrial
developments, is in the region of
100kN/m2 to 200kN/m2.
Improved ground conditions may allow
heavier loads to be supported.
Used in granular and cohesive soils

Benefits of vibrocompaction
Buildings can be supported on conventional
foundations (normally reinforced and shallow
foundations).
Work can commence immediately following the
vibro displacement. Foundations can be installed
straight away.
The soil is displaced. No soil is produced.
Contaminants remain in the ground reduces
disposal and remediation fees.
Economical, when compared with piling or deep
excavation works.
Can be used to regenerate brownfield sites
Can use reclaimed aggregates and soils.

Vibrofloatation
Vibro floatation uses a similar process to vibro
compaction
Water jets at the tip of the poker
Water jets help the vibrator penetrate hard layers
of ground
Major disadvantage is that the system is messy
and imprecise, thus rarely used

Vibro displacement - Typical

sequence

1. A grid is marked out and the

vibrating mandrel (poker) is
inserted to the required depth

2. As the mandrel drives into

the ground the soil is
displaced (surrounding
granular soil is compacted.

Vibro displacement - Typical sequence

Rigs weighs 14 55
tonnes

3. Having reached the engineered

depth the mandrel is withdraw and
hardcore is placed up to the first level.
The hardcore is built up in layers of 0.3
to 0.6m. The mandrel is inserted into the
hardcore, it penetrates and compacts
each layer before the next load of
hardcore is placed

4. By compacting in layers
and reintroducing the cone
mandrel a dense stone
column is constructed.

Grouting
Grouting may be used to fill the voids in the
ground increasing the strength of the ground.

Pressure grouting
In permeable soils, pressure grouting may
be used to fill the voids.
Holes drilled using mechanically driven
augers.
As the auger is withdrawn cement slurry is
forced down a central tube into the bore
under pressure.
Pressures of up to 70,000 N/mm2 can be
exerted by the grout on the surrounding soil.
Slurry contains cementious additives, e.g.
pulverised fuel ash (pfa), microsilica,
chemical grout, cement or a mixture.

Surcharging
This involves placing heavy loads on
the ground for long periods of time.
Over time the ground will compact.
Surcharging is time consuming and ties
up the land
Can be used if long lead-in time
available
Can be used on roads
May be used on investment land (land
bank). The increase in strength will
increase the value of the land.

Surcharging
Excavated material, quarried stone or other heavy
loads.
Settlement and compaction period 6 months to a
few years.
For economics the surcharging acts as a
temporary storage facility

Geotechnical membranes
Geotechnical membranes provide a sheet of
reinforcing material that can be added to the
ground. This increases the stability and tensile
strength of the ground.

Geotecnic membrane

Geotechnical membranes
Natural
Plastic manmade
Built up in layers compacted between ground
hardcore
Sheets, fibres and strips

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