PROBLEMS
CHAPTER 6
Step 3: Instructional
Modification II: Specific Skills
Areas
Miriel Martinez
The statistics:
National Reading Panel found that over 17.5% of the nations
schoolchildren will encounter reading problems within their first 3
years of school
Approximately 75% identified as having reading problems
by third grade are found to be struggling in reading at
ninth grade (Francis, Shaywitz, Stuebing, Shaywitz, & Fletcher,
1996; Shaywitz, Escobar, Shaywitz, Fletcher, & Makuch, 1992).
Discussion Question: How did you feel when Shapiro stated,
Reading
What should students be able to do?
Generally:
Phonemic Awareness
Decoding & Recode letters and sounds
Reading connected text
Comprehending connected text
Reading
What supports can we provide?
Fluency Practice Sessions (15-20 minutes) where students
practice reading and receive corrective feedback
Previewing: Learner reads or listens to passage prior to
instruction/testing (there are 3 types)
(1) oral previewing, or having the learner read the assigned
selection aloud prior to the reading lesson
(2) silent previewing, or having the learner read the passage
to him or herself prior to the lesson
Student reads assigned passage silently and then aloud to
the teacher
(3) listening previewing, in which the teacher reads the
assigned passage aloud and the learner follows silently
Students are asked to follow along as teacher reads the
passage aloud. Students then read the passage aloud (can
also be done via tape/CD recorder)
Discussion Question: Why do we keep with the 15-30%/7085% unknown to known ratio when studies have shown that
Post-Reading supports
Self-recording and revisiting for improvement
Self-recording, together with improvements in responses to
questions asked after reading passages resulted in increased
performance on the comprehension task
Retelling
Student retells the story in their own words which can include key
components like plot, main idea, sequence, critical events, etc.
Story Mapping
Teacher fills in a story map graphic organizer with students. Then,
teacher gradually releases the work for them to complete
independently. This increased comprehension.
Question Wheel
The question wheel has two parts and it aids in helping
individuals ask themselves comprehension questions after
theyve read