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CHAPTER 4

Issues in
Engineering Technology
Universiti Kuala Lumpur

Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology

To identify the related issue that


normally arise in carrier of an
engineering technologist
To highlighted the possible
solutions of the respective
issues

Eng tech program


Scientific
& eng
principles

Hands on
technical
skills

To solve the production


To coordinate people
To collect & calculate results
Help in designing a new model
Involve the technician works of quality
control

no formulas and no
easy 'plug-in'
methods for
reaching a solution.

understand all of the issues


involved
solution to the problem becomes
apparent

factual
conceptual

moral

can often be
resolved
through
research to
establish
the truth
a
u
t
c
a
F
l
i s s ue

are resolved
are
by agreement,
resolved by
moral
agreeing on
principles
the meaning pertinent and
of terms
how they
should be
and
applied
concepts.
t
p
e
c
n
o
c
ual
i ss u e

moral
is s u e

Related skills
&
characteristics

Moral
communication

Moral
imagination

Moral
awareness

Moral
consistency

Moral
reasonableness

Integrity

Moral
Rational hope
moral
reasoning
Tolerance
of
Respect
diversity
for
persons

Moral
awareness

ability in recognizing moral


problems and issues in
engineering.

Rational
Moral
reasoning

Comprehending, clarifying,
and assessing arguments
opposing sides of moral
issues.

Moral
consistency

Forming consistent &


comprehensive viewpoints
based upon a
consideration of relevant
facts

Moral
imagination
Moral
communication

Moral
reasonableness

discriminating alternative
responses to moral issues &
interest to creative
solutions for practical
difficulties
Precision in the use of a
common ethical language, a
skill needed to express and
support one's moral views
adequately to others

The willingness and


ability to be
morally
reasonable.

Respect
for
persons

real concern for the


well-being of others as
well as oneself.

Tolerance
of
diversity

Within a broad range, respect


for ethnic and religion
differences, & acceptance of
reasonable differences in
moral perspectives.

Moral
hope

Enriched appreciation of
the possibilities of using
rational dialogue in
resolving moral conflicts.

Integrity

Maintaining moral integrity,


and integrating one's
professional life &
personal convictions

h sifat jati diri yang merangkumi juga keikhlasan, ket


nah, benar, berpegang kepada prinsip, tidak mudah d
ai, boleh pegang cakapnya, dll

SCOPES

FIELD

engineers

SERVICES
TECHNICAL
SALES
PRODUCTION
TESTING
MANUFACTURING
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT

enginering
technologist

PRODUCT
DESIGN
RESEARCH

ConceptualBlind to new concepts


design

Goals;
performance
specifications

Violation of patents /
trade secrets.
Product to be used
illegally
Unrealistic
assumptions

Design depends on
unavailable or
untested materials.

Preliminary
analysis

Uneven

Overly detailed in
designer's area of expertise,
marginal elsewhere

Detailed
analysis

unidentified
methodologies.

Uncritical use of
handbook data and

Simulation,
prototyping

Testing of prototype
done only under most
favorable
conditions or not
completed

Design
pecifications

Too tight for


adjustments during
manufacture and use.
Design changes
not carefully checked

Scheduling
of tasks

Purchasing

Insufficient allowance for


unexpected events
Promise of unrealistic
completion date
Specifications not written to
favor one vendor

Bribes, kickbacks.
Inadequate testing
of purchased parts

Fabrication
of parts

Assembly/
construction

Variable quality of
materials and
workmanship
Bogus/fake materials &
components not detected.
Workplace
safety
Disregard of repetitivemotion stress on
workers.

Quality
control/
testing

Advertising &
sales

Not independent

tests rushed or
results falsified
False advertising

Product oversold
beyond client's
needs or means

Design must comply with


Safety of applicable laws
An acceptable design must meet
products
the standard of accepted
industry practice
Alternative design that are
potentially safer must be
explored
The eng tech must attempt to
foresee potential/misuses of the
products
Both prototypes and finished

hipping, installation,Product too large


to ship by land
training

Safety
measures
&
devices

Installation and
training
subcontracted out,
inadequately
Reliance
on overly
supervised.
complex, failureprone safety devices.

Lack of a simple
"safety exit."

Use

Used inappropriately or for


illegal applications

Overloaded.
Operations manuals
not ready.
aintenance, parts,
Inadequate supply of
spare parts
repairs
Hesitation to recall
the product when
found to be faulty

Monitoring
effects
of product

Recycling/
disposal

No formal procedure for following


life cycle of product,
its effects on society and
environment.

Lack of attention to
ultimate dismantling,
disposal of product,

Public notification of hazards.

Detecting
failure
mode

Typical failure mode:


Failure to correct a situation
dangerous to the public

Failure to follow guidelines,


codes and standards
Failure to follow the
guidelines in the engineers
act and regulations
Failure to consider the
safety and well-being of the
ultimate user or consumer

only do work you are qualified to do


don't encourage or assist nonengineers to act as engineers.
always disclose conflicts of interest (you
must not profit from decisions, they must
be entirely objective.
act in a "respectable way"
- (don't disgrace the
profession)

Be fair and loyal to


those around you
Place public need
ahead of all other
responsibilities
Act with honor and integrity

Promote engineering and dissuade


detractors (fault-finder)
Don't express opinions that are not
well supported technically

Display professional credentials


Develop employer trust by guarding
confidential secrets and disclosing any
personal conflicts of interest
When employed, disclose any other
employment and ensure that
professional standards don't decline.
Cooperate with other professionals
when working on common projects
Act with courtesy and good faith

Disclose any interests that might be


interpreted as prejudicial in making
decisions
Do not secretly review the work of another
engineer, unless they have been terminated

Avoid malicious damage of other


professionals
Don't give/get commissions to get work

Fair pay for work to advance the


profession
Advance the profession through enabling
and supporting others.
Disclose misconduct,
unethical/unprofessional
behavior, etc. when called
to do so.

problems/issues

U dont
have to
choose

Use all
the
theories

See different
perspectives

Moral
aspects

Line
drawing

Ethical problem
solving technique

Flow
chart

Line drawing
Drawing a line along which various examples &
hypothetical situations are placed
At one end is placed the positive paradigm
and at the other end a negative paradigm
Place the ethical problem on the completed line

PP

NP

ex5

ex4

ex3

ex2

ex1

P: Intel proposed to sell a Pentium chips that had flaws


EX1: There is a flaw in the chip, but it is normally
undetectable and wont affect any customers application
EX2: There are flaws in the chip, the customer
is informed of them but no serious defects
would take place
Ex3: A warning of the present defect is make, thus chip
is only can be used for certain applications
Ex4: Recall of the defect chips and only the chip with the
detachable flaws is replaced
Ex5: Replacement of chips is offered only if the
customer notices the problem

PP

NPP

ex5

ex4

ex3

ex2

ex1

Product should
be as advertised
PP

Sell defective
product
NP P

ex5

ex4

ex3

ex2

CONCLUSION:
The approach taken by
Intel in this case wasnt
the best ethical choice

ex1

Flow charting
Familiar because used in computer
program development
Developed as a series of consequences
that flow from decisions
Gives a visual picture of a situation and
allows you to readily see the consequences
CASE STUDY:
DISASTER AT BHOPAL, INDIA

SITUATIONS:
wrong pipe was connected to Methyl Isocyanate tank
Plant maintenance was cut to save money
A refrigeration unit, intended to cool down tank,
stopped working 5 month before accident and had
not been repaired.
A high temperature alarm was improperly set so no
warning was given
A flare tower, designed to burn vapors, was not
functioning
A scrubber unit intended to neutralize toxic
vapors, did not activate until after the release toxins
A similar plant in West Virginia has total of 28 leaks
over previous 5 years with no serious problems.
An internal union carbide memo warned of
potential for a serious

Union Carbide want to


build plant in Bhopal
Are safety laws in
India as strict as U.S?

YES

Design plant as in U.S

NO

Are the local laws adequate YES


for safe operation?
NO

Decide on minimal standards


that will ensure safety

YES

Design according
to local standard
Build plant anywhere
and assume risk

NO

Is this cost effective?


NO

Invest elsewhere

YES

Build plant

Moral concerns
Problem exists with two conflicting moral
values
Solution can be obvious when one is more
significant than the other
When solution is not obvious, use the
creative middle way - middle ground that is
acceptable to everyone
use judgment for the best choice possible
with the information available at the time

v/s
Definition:
-money or favor offered or given
to someone
-intended to influence or
persuade
Consequences:
-illegal, subject to laws
-anti-competitive and corrupt out
free-market economic system

Gift are usually of


nominal value and
are just a form of
advertising

How to avoid
bribery?
Look for company policy
all large corporation & small companies
have very clear rules about what is
acceptable
any deviation from this rule requires
approval
other companies encourage social
interaction & allow employees more
discretion

Are there
normal
accident..?

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