What is reflection?

Meta cognitive strategy

that helps teachers
think critically upon
their experiences,
actions and decisions
during their teaching
practices

What is Reflective teaching?

Reflective teachingis a
process where teachers
think over their teaching
practices, analyzing how
something was taught and
how the practice might be
improved or changed for
better learning outcomes.

What is Reflective teaching?

Reflective teachingis an
inquiry approach that
emphasizes an ethic of
care, a constructivist
approach toteaching, and
creative problem solving
(Henderson, 2001).

A Reflective Teacher
One who can design and
implement an effective
educational program by
adapting his or her
teaching skills and
techniques to the specific
school situation

An Invariant Teacher

One who uses one

approach in all
teaching situations
regardless of the
class/school
characteristics

Six Variables That Influence

Effective Teaching

1. Values of the teacher

2. Class size
3. Number of class sessions
per week
4. Facilities and equipment
5. Student behavior
6. Context of the school

Comparison of reflective and

Invariant Teaching
Reflective Teaching

Adjust planning
according to
situation
Change
methodology
according to
needs, topics,
and situations

Invariant teaching

Same plan for

all situations
Fixed
methodology
with seeing
individual
differences and
needs

Comparison of reflective and

Invariant Teaching
Reflective Teaching

Invariant teaching

Change curriculum
Same curriculum with
according to the
out considering factors
ability and needs of
like needs and ability
the students
of students
Modify activities
Teach activities and
lessons that use
and lessons to
available equipment available equipment
and facilities
and facilities

Comparison of reflective and

Invariant Teaching
Reflective Teaching

Invariant teaching

Attempt to
Assume that the
understand
children are
management
misbehaving and
problems and
resort to punitive
then seek the
measures to
causes, modifying
modify individual
teaching
and class
procedure
behavior
accordingly

Comparison of reflective and

Invariant Teaching
Reflective Teaching

Invariant teaching

Regularly
Assess irregularly
assess the
and often base
children and
assessment on
also seek
whether children
constructive
liked the lesson,
criticism about
how long they
remained
their teaching
interested, and how
from children
well they behaved
and colleagues

Defining a Constructivist
Believes all knowledge is constructed or
invented by the learner
Involves learners in active manipulations of
meanings, numbers, and patterns
Believes learning is nonlinear
Provides students with tools of empowerment:
concepts, heuristic
procedures, self-motivation, and reflection
Believes learning occurs most effectively
through guided discovery, meaningful
application, and problem solving

Effective Teaching

Has positive expectations for

student success
Excels at classroom
management
Designs lessons for mastery

Characteristics Of Effective Teaching

Challenging students
Controlling
Consolidating
Clarifying
Conferring
Captivating
Caring

Characteristics Of Effective Teaching

Having high expectations

Acknowledging individual differences
Using range of pedagogies
Encouraging student responsibility
Having mastery over content
Providing safe environment
Monitoring
Building positive relationships

Defining
Creativity

A "mentalactivityperformed in
situations where there is no
prior correct solution or answer"
A "processof developing new,
uncommon, or unique ideas"
The "generationof novel, useful
ideas"

ELEMENTS OF CREATIVITY

Creative thinking skill: How

flexibly and imaginatively
people approach problems
Expertise: It includes
technical, procedural and
intellectual knowledge
Motivation

Fostering creativity
Level of challenge
Build assignments that permit students to
develop their procedural knowledge and
especially to practice the elements of
Meta cognition (drafting and practicing,
trying out, assessing and revising)
Concept of FLOW (effortless) high level of
challenge and high level of skill
Creativity is Inhibited by threat and
enhanced by challenge

Fostering creativity
Heuristics
The Journalists Questions (Who, What,
When, Where, Why, How)
SCAMPER, or
Substitute
Combine
Adapt
Modify/minify/magnify
Put to other uses
Eliminate
Reverse or rearrange

FOSTERING CREATIVITY

Encourage creativity
Quick and specific
feedback
Incentive by giving
extra credit out of
class group activities

Evaluating Creativity
Fluency (number of ideas generated)
Originality and imagination (unusual, unique,
novel ideas)
Elaboration (ability to explain ideas in detail)
Flexibility, curiosity, resistance to closure
(ability to generate multiple solutions)
Complexity (detail and implications of ideas;
recognition of patterns, similarities and
differences)
Risk taking (willingness to be wrong and to
admit it)

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
DEFINITION:
A social institutionmay be
defined as an organizational
system which functions to
satisfy basic social needs by
providing an ordered
framework linking the
individual to the larger
culture.

THE BASIC INSTITUTIONS

FAMILY
RELIGION
GOVERNMENT
EDCATION
ECONOMICS

FUNCTIONS OF A FAMILY
The control and regulation of
behaviors.
2. To provide for new members
of society (children).
3. To provide for the economic
and emotional maintenance of
individuals.
4. To provide for primary
socialization of children

THE SPECIFIC FUNCTIONOF RELIGION

1. Providing solutions for unexplained natural,

phenomena.
2. Supplying a means for controlling the natural
world.
3. Religion tends to support the normative
structure of the society.
4. Furnishing a psychological diversion from
unwanted life situations.
6. Religion serves as an instrument of
socialization.
7. Religion control social change.
8. Religion reduce conflict in groups.

THE SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF GOVERMENT

1. The Institutionalization of
norms (Laws).
2. The enforcement of laws.
3. The adjudication of conflict
(Court).
4. Provide for the welfare of
members of society.
5. Protection of Society from
external threat.

THE SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION

1. Transmitting culture.
2. Preparation for
occupational roles
3. Evaluating and
Selecting competent
individuals
4. Transmitting

SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF ECONOMY

1. Provide methods for the

production of goods and
services.
2. Provide methods for the
distribution of goods and
services.
3. Enable societies members
to consume goods and
services which are produced.

Educational technology
DEFINITION:
Educational technologyis the
effective use oftechnologicaltools
in learning. As a concept, it concerns
an array of tools, such as media,
machines and networking hardware,
as well as considering underlying
theoretical perspectives for their
effective application.

POSITIVE AFFECTS OF
TECHNOLOGY ON EDUCATION

Research AND Globalization

Education Games AND
Distance education
Web seminar AND AV Aids
Animations AND
Communication

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF
TECHNOLOGY
Technology Changes the Way Children
Think-THINKING, READING AND
IMAGINATION
Technology Changes the Way Children
Feel- SOCIAL SKILL AND EMOTIONS
Technology Can Put Privacy and Safety at
Risk
Use of Technology with Less Physical
Activity Leads to Obesity

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY

WASTAGE OF TIME
IMMORAL ACTIVITIES
INSTRUMENT OF
PROPAGANDA
DIFFICULTIES IN
CLASSROOM
MANAGEMEMT

CONTROL OF NEGATIVE EFFECTS

Monitor the use of technology

Teach responsible usage
Be familiar with technology
Use classroom technology
intentionally
Offer alternatives to
technology