DENTURE BASE

RESINS

COMPLETE DENTURE

Defined as a removable prothesis intended

to replace masticatory surfaces &
associated structures of dental arch. It is
composed of artificial teeth attached to
denture base.

IDEAL REQUISITES

Natural appearance
Easy processing
Easy to clean
Easy to repair
Inexpensive
Biocompatible
Resistant to
bacterial
contamination
High strength,
stiffness, hardness,
toughness, fatigue
resistance

High thermal
conductivity
High modulus of
elasticity, impact
strength
Abrasive resistance
Dimensionally stable
Accurate reproduction
of surface detail

Types of acrylic resins

Heat

cured
Cold cured/ self cured/
autopolymerizing
Light cured

COMPOSITION-Heat Activated Denture Base

Resins

Powder:
Poly methyl methacrylate
Benzoyl peroxide initiator
Dibutyl phthalate Plasticizer
Liquid
Methyl methacrylate-Plasticizes polymer
Dibutyl phthalate- Plasticizer
Glycol dimethacrylate-Cross linking agent(1-2
%)
Hydroquinone-Inhibitor

Polymer Monomer ratio

=3:1
Stage I Wet sandy stage
Here no interaction on a molecular level.
It is described as coarse or grainy
consistency.

Stage II Sticky stage

Monomer attack the polymer by penetrating
in to the polymer
Mass is sticky and stringy, when touched.

Stage III Dough Stage

It consists of undissolved polymer particles
suspended in a plastic matrix of monomer
dissolved polymer.
It is dough like consistency
Ideal for packing

Stage IV Rubbery stage

Monomer disappears by further penetration in to
the polymer and or evaporation
Mass is rubber like and cannot be moulded.

Stage V Stiff stage

Due to evaporation of monomer it becomes
stiff

Polymethyl methacrylate
MMA
Liquid
Heat and pressure

PMMA
Powder

PMMA
Powder (entanglement
s)
Particle swells
MMA
Liquid

Old and new

polymer chains
Intertwined at
the
molecular level.

Activation
Acrylic dough (Cohesive gel)
Initiation
Propagation
Termination
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OM

TECHNIQUES OF PROCESSING

Compression Moulding Technique

It is the most commonly used technique.
Steps involved:
Flasking
Dewaxing

Application

of a separating medium

Manipulation of the resin

Packing
Heat

curing

Cooling
Deflasking
Finishing and polishing

DENTAL FLASK

Preparation of the mould/ Flasking

Dewaxing

Application of separating medium:

Various separating media:

Tin foil
Cellulose lacquers
Solution of alginate solution
Calcium oleate
Soft soaps
Sodium silicate
Starches.

Sodium alginate solution/ COLD MOULD SEAL:

Most popular
It is water soluble
It reacts with the calcium of the plaster or stone
to form a film of insoluble calcium alginate.
Composition:

2% sodium alginate in
Water
Glycerine
Alcohol
Sodium phosphate and preservatives

Packing

Curing:
Bench curing
After final closure, the
flasks are kept at room
temperature for 30 to 60
minutes.
Purpose:
Equalization of pressure.
Uniform dispersion of
monomer.
Better bond of the teeth
with base material.

Curing cycle: PLACING IN WATER BATH

The curing or polymerization cycle is of 2 types
Long cycle 740C for 8 hours
Short cycle 740C for 2 hours followed by
1000C for 1 hour

Cooling:
The flask is slowly cooled to prevent warpage.
Bench cooling for 30 minutes followed by tap water
for 15 minutes.
Deflasking:
This has to be done with care to avoid breakage.
Finishing and polishing : As per normal procedure

FINISHING & POLISHING

INJECTION MOULDING
TECHNIQUE

High pressure
applied to resin
during
polymerization
Excellent
compensation for
polymerization
shrinkage distortion
Heat curing with
feed on
components to
heated portion

Pattern must have

feed sprues
attached during
investing process
Feed to distal
portions of
denture is
necessary

Advantages:
Dimensional accuracy
No trial closures
Low free monomer

Disadvantages:

Increase in cost
Special flask is needed
Mold design problems
Less craze, creep

Sources of heat:
Water bath
Dry air oven
Dry heat
Infrared heating
Induction
Microwave
radiation

Chemically Activated Denture Base Resins

Powder:
Polymethyl methacrylate dissolved by monomer to
form dough.
Benzoyl peroxide initiator
Dibutyl phthalate plasticizer

LIQUID

Methyl methacrylate monomer dissolves polymer

Dimethyl para-toulidine activator
Dibutyl phthalate plasticizer
Glycol dimethacrylate cross linking agent
Hydroquinone inhibitor

Degree of polymerization- incomplete- large

amount of unreacted monomer (3%-5%).
unreacted monomer- tissue irritant.
unreacted monomer- acts as plasticizer-
strength.
Less shrinkage- more dimensional accuracy.
Color instable- because of tertiary amine.

Manipulation-Following techniques
are commonly used for the
manipulation of self-cured
resins

Sprinkle on technique
Adapting technique
Fluid resin technique

Pour Type/ Fluid resin Denture Base

Processing

Denture base resin is

formulated with lower
viscosity
Denture is place in mold and
mold material poured
Wax pattern removed from
mold
Sprue is attached to the
denture base area (C)
Denture base seated (D)
Resin is pored in to sprues (E)
Resin is heat processed
Denture removed (F)

Advantage:
Improved
adaptability.
Decreased damage
to denture teeth.
Simplified
procedures
Reduced material
cost.

Disadvantage:

Shifting of teeth.

Air entrapment.

Poor bonding.

Technique sensitive.

Light Activated Denture Base Resins

[ 1 Paste System ]

Polyether urethane dimethacrylate

Photo initiator : Camphoroquinone (5%)
Fillers :

- inorganic Silicone dioxide (Microfine).

- organic acrylic resin beads.

High mol. wt. acrylic resin monomers.

Supplied in sheets & rope forms.

Cannot be flasked in conventional manner.
Denture base moulded on accurate cast and
exposed to high-intensity visible light.

Inhibition of polymerization
1. Impurities / Retarders
eg. Hydroquinone, organic oils ( like vaseline)
- They react with activated initiator ( benzoyl
peroxide) or activated growing chain & prevent
further growth.

2. Oxygen also inhibits.

PROPERTIES OF DENTURE
BASE MATERIALS

Polymerization shrinkage
Volume shrinkage 8%
Linear shrink -0.53%
Self cure resins have a low shrinkage
(Linear -0.26%).
Properly manipulated shrinkage
distributed uniformly.
linear shrinkage- discrepancy

Porosity
Is a processing error in acrylic resins. It
appears on the surface of the denture,
cleansing will be difficult. Appearance
affected. If internal the denture will be
weakened . The denture may warp, as the
stresses relax.
Porosity:
It may be
Internal porosity
External porosity

Internal porosity
Appears as bubbles or voids with in the denture. Not
on the surface. Confined to the thick portions of the
denture base.

Causes:

Due to the vapourisation of monomer when

the temperature of resin increases above
the boiling point of the monomer (100.8 0C).
It can be avoided by using long and low
temperature curing cycle. The denture is
processed for 9 hours at 740C without
bringing the water to boil.

External porosity
Due to lack of homogenity:
If dough is not homogenous at
the time of
polymerization the portions contain more monomer will
shrink more than the adjacent areas. This results in
voids. Resin appears white. Can be avoided by
using
proper monomer polymer ratio and mixing it well. The
mix is more homogenous in dough stage,
packing
should be done at dough stage.

Lack of adequate pressure:

Due to lack of dough in the mould during final closure,
bubbles appears which are not spherical but irregular.
Resin appears white if it is in abundance. Pigmented
resin may appears lighter for this reason.

Water sorption:
occurs by diffusion. expand (0.6mg/cm2) and
has plasticizing effect. This partially compensate
for its processing shrinkage.

Solubility:
Insoluble in water and oral fluids soluble
in ketones, esters and aromatic and
chlorinated hydrocarbons. Alcohol causes
crazing.

Crazing:
It is a small linear cracks that appear to
originate at denture surface.
It imparts hazy or foggy appearance.
It is due to the denture resin shrinks more
than the porcelain teeth. As a result a
tensile stress is created which lead to
crazing.
Causes:
1. Mechanical stress.
2. Attack by solvent.
3. Incorporation of water.

Can be avoided by

1. Using cross linked acrylics.

2. Tin foil seperating medium.
3. Metal mold.
Creep:
Is due to viscoelastic behavior- rubbery solids.
Heat cure resin 9.0 MPa.
Self cure resin 1300 psi.
Due to increase in temp, applied load, residual
monomer, presence of plasticizers

Miscellaneous Resins and Technique

1. Repair resins:
Fractures of denture may be repaired using
compatible resins.
Repair resins may be light activated, heat
activated or chemically activated.

Steps involved in repair

Fractured components of prosthesis are
realigned & a repair cast is generated using
dental stone.
Fracture surfaces are trimmed to provide
sufficient room for repair material.
Chemically activated resin is prepared as
repair resin .
Monomer and polymer are added in
increments.
Then the assembly is placed in a pressure
chamber for polymerization.

Relining resin denture bases:

Relining is defined as the replacement of
tissue surface of an existing denture

Steps
Impression of soft tissues is obtained using
the existing denture as impression tray.
A stone cast is made.
The assembly is invested in a denture flask.
A chemically activated resin is chosen and is
introduced and shaped using compression
moulding technique.
Then it is compressed and permitted to
polymerize.

3. Rebasing resin denture bases

Rebasing is defined as the replacement of
entire denture base.
Steps
Impression is obtained using existing
denture as custom tray & Stone cast made.
The cast and denture are mounted in a
reline jig, to maintain the correct vertical
and horizontal relationships between cast
and surfaces of teeth.

Indices for occlusal surfaces of teeth are

established.
The denture is removed and teeth are
separated.
The teeth are repositioned in their indices
and are waxed to new base plate.
The completed tooth arrangement is
resealed to the cast and the assembly is
invested.
After removal of wax and base-plate, resin
is introduced and then processed.


4. Short term and long term soft liners:
Soft liners serve as shock absorber and absorb
the energy produced by masticatory impact.
Commonly used liners are plasticized acrylic resins.
These resins may be heat activated or chemically
activated.
Chemically activated soft-liners are called short
term soft-liners.
Heat activated soft-liners are called long term soft
liners.
Poly(methyl methacrylate) replaced by- ethyl, npropyl,n-butyl, silicone rubbers.

Resin trays- custom trays

Chemically activated resin.
Light-activated urethane dimethacrylate.

Denture cleaners
Contains alkaline compounds, detergents,
sodium perborate,flavouring agents.
household bleach (hypochlorites) can also
be used.

Infection control
Denture should be disinfected before leaving the
lab
Chem. Disinfectants may be absorbed
So gas sterilization is recommended-ethylene oxide

Allergic reaction
Theoretically due to contact with polymer,
monomer, benzoyl peroxide, hydroquinone.
True resin allergy seldom occurs.
Denture induced sore mouth-occurs due to
poor oral hygiene.

Other resins
Resin teeth-cross linked teeth.
Maxillofacial prosthesis- latexes (tripolymer of
butyl acrylate, methylmethacrylate, methyl
methylamide), vinyl plastisols, silicone
rubbers( heat vulcanizing & room
temperature vulcanizing), poly urethane
polymers.