Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College

Vattamalaipalayam, N.G.G.O. Colony (P.O), Coimbatore 641022.

(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
(ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Institution)

Department of Thermal Engineering

12TE1401-PROJECT WORK PHASE - II
ELANGOVAN.T

REG.NO:1467002

PROJECT VIVA-VOCE EXAMINATION

23 MAY 2016
1

DEVELOPMENT OF CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM

BIODIESEL AND ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE AND
EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS

PROJECT SUPERVISOR: Mr. G. ANBARASU,M.E,

Assistant Professor(Selection Grade),

Department of Thermal Engineering.

Overview of the Project

To identify the high oil content seed (Calophyllum inophyllum), and extract oil
from seeds.
Conversion of oil into Bio-fuel using Transesterification Process.
The Physical properties of Biofuel are to be evaluated and to be compared the
properties with diesel.
Properties of Biodiesel at different blends are to be compared.
Analysis of performance in normal IC Engine with Eddy current Dynamometer
load.
Evaluate the performance characteristics and Emission characteristics.
3

1.INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Energy is one of the most important resources for mankind and its sustainable
development. Today, the energy crisis becomes one of the global issues
confronting us.
Fuels are of great importance because they can be burned to produce
significant amounts of energy. Many aspects of everyday life rely on fuels, in
particular the transport of goods and people.
Importance of biodiesel increases due to,
(i) Increasing petroleum prices,
(ii) Limited fossil fuel reserves, and
(iii) Environmental benefits of biodiesel.

 The major sources for biodiesel are both edible and non-edible oils can be
reached from such as edible oils like Peanut oil, Palm oil, Sunflower oil,
Seasame oil, Soyabeen oil etc., and the non-edible oils like Jatropha Curcas,
Pongamia Pinnata, Calophyllum inophyllum, Mahau, etc

2.LITERATURE REVIEW

A literature review was done to determine the necessity of biodiesel and

source of biodiesel from various oil resources. Few papers which implement
different

biodiesel

production

process

with

various

conditions,

methodologies and Engine Performance, Emission Characteristics are

discussed in this chapter.

S.
No

Source

Title of the Paper

Process

Acid Catalyst :SZ

Synthesis of Biodiesel from Neem Oil
Alkalin Catalyst:KOH
Using
Sulfated
Zirconia
via
1. Brazilian
Molar Ratio
:9:1
Tranesterification
Temperature
:65C
Time
:2hr
Acid Catalyst
:H2SO4
Alkalin Catalyst :NaOH
Procedia
Biodiesel from Neem oil alternative Molar Ratio
:6:1
2.
Engineeering fuel for Diesel engine
Temperature
:60C
Time
:6hr

3. IJMET

Acid Catalyst :H2SO4

Palm oil and Calophyllum Inophyllum Alkalin Catalyst:KOH
oil are potential feed Stocks for future Molar Ratio
:4:1
Biodiesel in Compression Ignition Temperature
:60C
Engines: A Review
Time
:3hr

Result
1.94% of the acid value
Reduced
2.Conversion
Efficiency:95%

Its Fuel property is with

in
the
Biodiesel
Standards and Closer to
Diesel

B100 reduces Exhaust

emission compared with
diesel
9

Acid Catalyst :HCl

from Alkalin Catalyst:NaOH
its Molar Ratio
:6:1
Temperature
:60C
Time
:3hr

Effects of different parameters

such as temperature, Reacant
Ratio, Catalyst varies the
Properties

Acid Catalyst :H2SO4

Biodiesel Development from Alkalin Catalyst:KOH
High free fatty acid Punnakka Molar Ratio
:3:1
oil
Temperature
:60C
Time
:3hr

1.Conversion
Efficiency:92.5%
2.FFA reduced from 19.8% to
2%

Biodiesel production
Research Journal of
Jatropa
oil
and
Chemical Sciences
Characterization

APEN

Calophylluminophyllum L.
A prospective non-edible
biodiesel feedstock. Study of
Renewable and
biodiesel production,
Sustainable Energy
properties, fattyacid
Reviews
composition, blending and
engine performance.

Acid Catalyst :H2SO4

Alkalin Catalyst:KOH 1.It is Highly Acidic, so
Molar Ratio
:12:1 Pretreatment is Required
Temperature
:95C 2.Better Engine Performance
Time
:2hr
10

3.DEVELOPMENT OF CALOPHYLLUM
INOPHYLLUM BIODIESEL

11

Bio-Oil Selection
I Selected Calophyllum inophyllum (Punnai in Tamil) Oil for my
Project.
Reasons for Selecting this Oil:
1. It does not compete with food crops.
2. It has higher oil yield than Jatropha.
3. It has high heating value.
4.Viability
12

Calophyllum Inophyllum Oil Extraction Process

Fresh Fruits

Dried Seeds

Extracted Oil13

CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM OIL

14

Physico-chemical Properties of Calophyllum inophyllum Oil

Property
Color
Odor
Density at 15oC
Kinematic Viscosity at
40oC
Free Fatty Acid
Moisture
Calorific Value
Specific Gravity
Flash Point
Fire Point

Unit
Kg/m3

Value
Greenish yellow
Disagreeable
910

cSt
mgKOH/g
%
MJ/Kg
o
C
o
C

38.17
19.16
12
32.50
0.908
224
253

15

Transesterification of Vegetable Oils

In organic chemistry, transesterification is the process of exchanging the
organic group R of an ester with the organic group R of an alcohol.
These reactions are often catalyzed by the addition of an acid or base
catalyst.

16

 In transesterification of vegetable oils, a triglyceride reacts with three

molecules of alcohol in the presence of catalyst, producing a mixture of fatty
acids alkyl esters and glycerol .
Oils (triglycerides) + Methanol Biodiesel + Glycerol

17

TANSESTERIFICATION EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

1

Iron Stand

Condenser

Thermometer

Coolant in

Coolant out

Closed Neck

Three neck Flask

Magnetic Stirrer

Magnetic Stirrer Controller

10

Temperature Controller

18

Experimental Process
Methonal
&

Raw Oil

Catalyst
(NaOH )

Pretreatment

Tranesterification
Separation

Drying
Washing

Biodiesel

Glycerin

19

TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESSES
1.Acid Catalysed Esterification( Pre-treatment process) to reduce Acidic value
-H2SO4
2.Base Catalyzed Transesterification
-NaOH
3.Post-trearment process
-Washing
-Drying

20

Biodiesel Production Conditions

(i) Reaction temperature
(ii) Molar ratio

-60 oC

- 6:1

(iii) Type of catalyst

- NaOH

(iv) Concentration of Catalyst -9mg

(iv) Intensity of mixing
(v) Separation Timing

-700rpm
-Overnight Separation
21

Various Stages in Biodiesel Production

22

Biodiesel Separation

23

4.BIODIESL PROPERTIS AND BLENDS

24

Biodiesel Properties
1. Kinematic Viscosity
2. Calorific value
3. Density
4. Flash point
5. Fire point
6. Cetane number
These Properties were tested in ITA Lab, Chennai
25

Biodiesel Blending
The blending of biodiesel with diesel is expressed as Bxx where xx indicates
the percentage of biodiesel in the blend.
For example B20 blend is made by mixing 20% biodiesel with 80% diesel
which can be used in CI engine with no modification with comparable power
output.

26

5 different blends were made. The proportions were as follows:

1. B20-20% methyl ester of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil + 80% Diesel

2. B40-40% methyl ester of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil + 60% Diesel
3. B60-60% methyl ester of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil + 40% Diesel
4. B80-80% methyl ester of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil + 20% Diesel
5. B100-100% methyl ester of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil
27

Biodiesel at different blends

28

Reasons of Blending:
-Biodiesel having low Heating value, and
-Biodiesel having High Kinematic viscosity.

Effect of Blending:
-Calorific value is increased with increasing percentage of diesel.
-Kinematic viscosity and density also decreased with the
increasing percentage of diesel.
29

Fuel Properties at different blends

Fuel Properties

Unit

B20

B40

B60

B80

B100

Diesel

Density @ 15OC

Kg/m3

847.6

854.6

857.5

867.3

868.6

840

Kinematic Viscosity @ 40 OC

cSt

2.85

3.03

3.3

3.54

3.7

3.12

Flash Point by PMCC Method

30

28

26

26

24

25

Fire Point by PMCC Method

40

38

36

36

34

36

Calorific Value

MJ

43.86

41.21

40.13

39.02

36.86

44.34

56

55

54

53

52

48

Cetane Number

30

5.PERFORMANCE CHARACTERTICS

31

Experimental Setup
Performance and Emission
test were carried out in our
Thermal Engineering Laboratory

32

Engine Specification
Maker

:Kirloskar

Number of Cylinder

: Single

Rated Power

:3.5kW at 1500rpm

Bore Diameter

: 87.5mm

Stroke Length

: 110mm

Dynamometer Arm length : 0.185m

33

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERTICS
1. Break Power vs Break Thermal Efficiency
2. Break Power vs Volumetric Efficiency
3. Break Power vs Specific Fuel Consumption(SFC)
4. Break Power vs Exhaust Gas Temperature

34

Break Thermal Efficiency at different loads

Break Thermal Efficiency (%)
Load (kg)

Diesel

B100

B80

B60

B40

B20

2.22

0.84

1.90

2.16

1.22

2.33

1.5

9.75

7.85

7.52

7.31

9.05

9.76

16.61

13.70

13.64

13.42

15.49

14.82

4.5

21.77

16.44

17.54

17.59

20.69

21.14

26.32

19.30

19.63

21.45

23.71

23.76

7.5

29.85

22.19

21.51

23.41

25.16

26.99

28.74

23.56

23.12

23.72

26.79

29.02

35

Break Power vs Break Thermal Efficiency

Break Thermal efficiency of an engine
is defined as the ratio of the output to
that of the chemical energy input in the
form of fuel supply. Thermal efficiency
also accounts for combustion efficiency,
i.e., for the fact that whole of the chemical
energy of the fuel is not converted into
heat energy during combustion

Break Power vs Break Thermal Efficiency

Diesel
B100
B80
B60
B40
B20

Break Thermal Efficiency =

Where,
C = Calorific value of fuel, kJ/kg, and
mf = Mass of fuel supplied, kg/sec.
36

Break Power vs Specific Fuel Consumption

Break Power vs SFC

Specific fuel consumption is

defined as the amount of fuel consumed
for each unit of brake power developed
per hour. It is a clear indication of the
efficiency with which the engine
develops power from fuel.

Diesel
B100
B80
B60
B40
B20

37

Break Power vs Volumetric Efficiency

It is defined as the volume flow
rate of air into the intake system
divided by the rate at which the
volume is displaced by the system.

Break Power Vs Volumetric Efficiency

Diesel
B100
B80
B60
B40
B20

It denotes the breathing ability of

the engine.

38

Break Power vs Exhaust Gas Temperature

Break Power vs Exhaust Tempeture

Exhaust gas is emitted as a result of

the combustion of fuels. Using
thermocouple
the
Exhaust
Gas
Temperature(EGT) was measured.

DIESEL
B100
B80
B60
B40
B20

39

6.EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS

40

EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS
1. Break Power Vs Carbon monoxide
2. Break Power Vs Unburn Hydro Carbon
3. Break Power Vs NOX
4. Break Power Vs Oxygen(O2)
5. Break Power Vs CO2
41

Break Power Vs Carbon monoxide (CO) Emission

Break Power vs CO Emission

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a toxic gas

formed from the incomplete combustion
of any fuel that does not contain oxygen.
Generally, several factors such as engine
speed, air/fuel ratio, injection pressure,
injection timing, and type of fuel have an
effect on CO emissions.

Diesel
B100
B80
B60
B40
B20

42

Break Power Vs HC Emission

Unburned HCs mainly result from
the incomplete combustion of fuel,
oxygen content of fuel.

Break Power vs HC Emission

The emission of Hydrocarbon (HC)

is decreasing with increase of loads.

Diesel
B100
B80
B60
B40
B20

43

Break Power Vs CO2 Emission

Break Power vs CO2 Emission

Carbon di-oxide(CO2) emission

represents the complete combustion,
The emission of Carbon di-oxide
(CO2) is increasing with increase of
loads.

Diesel
B100
B80
B60
B40
B20

44

Break Power Vs O2 Emission

Oxygen emission represents the excess
oxygen after combustion.it helps for
complete combustion

The emission of Oxygen (O2) is

decreasing with increase of loads.

Load vs O2 Emission

Diesel
B100
B80
B60
B40
B20

45

Break Power Vs Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX )Emission

Nox Emission Created mostly from
nitrogen in the air.

Break Power vs NOX Emission

Biodiesel is an oxygenated fuel that

contains 1112% more oxygen in its
molecular structure. This causes higher
adiabatic flame temperatures and helps to
achieve more complete combustion and
therefore higher NO emissions for
biodiesel blends.

Diesel
B100
B80
B60
B40
B20

46

7.Conclusion

47

Conclusion
The Calophullum Inophyllum seed having high oil content.
According to fuel test Result B100 having nearer Kinematic Viscosity and
Calorific Value of diesel.
In performance results shows that the B20 having good performance.
In emission results all biodiesel having more amount of NOX Emission the
Calophyllum Inophyllum Biodiesel also having slightly high Emission.

48

Journal Publication
Accepted for Publication

Paper Under Review

Paper under Preparation

Journal:Asian Journal of Journal:International

Science and Technology Journal
of
ChemTech
(AJST).
Research (IJCTR).
Paper Title: Analysis of
Biodiesel Properties from
Various oil Resources and
Develop relations among the
Properties.

Paper Title: Development

of Calophyllum Inophyllum
Biodiesel and Analysis its
Properties
at
Different
Blends.

Published Date: Paper Will Published

Date:
After
be Published on March 31 Review (maybe end of
(Volume 7 Issue 3).
April)

Paper Title: Performance

and Emission Characteristics
of Calophyllum Inophyllum
Biodiesel

49

References
1.

A.E. Atabani, Calophylluminophyllum L. A prospective non-edible biodiesel feedstock. Study of

biodiesel production, properties, fattyacid composition, blending and engine performance.

2.

K Ramesh, Bio-diesel development process from Calophyllum Inophyllum Seeds.

3.

Gaurav Dwivedi, Diesel engine performance and emission analysis using biodiesel from various oil
sources-Review

4.

H. Suresh Babu Rao, Palm oil and Calophyllum Inophyllum oil are potential feed Stocks for future
Biodiesel in Compression Ignition Engines: A Review

5.

Ramaraju.A, Biodiesel Development from High Free Fatty Acid Punnakka oil

6. Y.C. Sharma, Advancements in development and characterization of biodiesel: A review

50

References(Contd)
7.

Vivek and A K Gupta, Biodiesel production from Karanja oil. Vol. 63, pp
39- 47(2004)

8.

Chavan S.B, Callophyllum Inophyllum Linn (honne) Oil, A source for Biodiesel Production.

9.

S.S.Thipse, Alternative Fuels, Concepts, Technologies and Developments.

10. S.Antony Raja, Biodiesel production from jatropha oil and its characterization. Vol. 1 (1)
April(2011)
11. Vivek and A K Gupta. Biodiesel production from Karanja oil. Vol. 63, pp 39-47 (2004)
12. A.E. Atabani et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 18 (2013) 211245

51

References(Contd)
13. Ahmad AL,MatYasinNH,DerekCJC,LimJK.Microalgaeasasustainable
energy
sourceforbiodieselproduction:areview. RenewSustainEnergyRev 2011;15(1):58493.
14. Venkanna BK,ReddyCV.Biodieselproductionandoptimizationfrom Calophylluminophyllum
linn oil(honneoil) a threestagemethod.Bioresour
Technol2009;100(21):51225.
15. Deepanraj. B, Dhanesh. C, Senthil. R andKannan. M, Use of Palm oil Biodiesel Blends as a
Fuel for Compression Ignition Engine, American Journal of Applied Sciences Vol.8,No.11,
pp.1154-1158, 2011.
16. Venkanna.B.K andVenkataramana Reddy.C, Performance, emission and combustion
characteristics of direct injection diesel engine running on calophyllum minophyllum linn oil
(honne oil), International Journal of
Agricultural and Biological Engg., Vol.4 No.1, pp.1-9,
2011.
52

References(Contd)
17. Shivakumar, SrinivasPai. P, Shrinivasarao. B andSamaga. B. S.,
Performance And
Emissioncharacteristics of a 4 Stroke C.I. Engine Operated On Honge Methyl Ester Using
Artificial Neural Network, ARPN Journal of Engg. and Applied Sci., Vol.5,No.6,
pp.8394, 2010.
18. Anand. R, Kannan. G, Rajasekhar Reddy. K and Velmathi. S, The performance and
emissions of a variable compression ratio diesel engine fuelled with bio-diesel from cotton
seed oil, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol.4, No.9,
pp.72-87,
2009.

53

Thank You

54