Lubricants for Internal Combustion

Engines

Four Stroke Engine Oils

General Overview
US Army
Europe (ACEA)
USA (API)
ASIA (ILSAC)
Monogrades 1950s
Multigrades 1960s

Lubricants for Internal Combustion

Engines

Fundamental Principles
Tribological Task
Cylinder
Sludge, Soot, Abraded Particles and Corrosion
Oil Filter
Oil Flow

Viscosity Grades

Lubricants for Internal Combustion

Engines

Lubricants for Internal Combustion

Engines

Performance Specifications
Longer life in spite of higher thermal and
mechanical loads
Improved emission characteristics by a cut in fuel
consumption
Lower oil related particulate emissions
Improved wear protection even in severe
conditions

Lubricants for Internal Combustion

Engines

Lubricants for Internal Combustion

Engines

Formulation Of Engine Oils

Group 1
SN mineral oils with saturates < 90%, S>0.03%
No uniformity

Group 2
HC oils with saturates > 90%, S<0.03%
Fair to good performance in lubricating properties such as
volatility, oxidative stability and extreme pressure wear
control

Lubricants for Internal Combustion

Engines
Group 3
HC oils with saturates>90%; VI>120, S<0.03%
Molecular uniformity, stability, mixing with additives to
form synthetic and semi synthetic oils

Group 4
Polyalphaolefins
Chemically engineered synthetic base
With additives offer excellent performance over a wide
range of lubricating properties
Very stable chemical compositions and highly uniform
molecular chains

Lubricants for Internal Combustion

Engines
Group 5
Esters, Polyesters and others
Not used as base oils themselves, but add beneficial
properties to other base oils.

Lubricants for Internal Combustion

Engines

Additives
Performance Additives
Antioxidants
Phenols, amines, phosphites and sulfurized substances
Additives retard the degradation of the stock oil
byoxidation.

Anti-wear agents
Metal dithiophosphate and carbamate
Cause a film to surround metal parts, helping to keep
them separated

Lubricants for Internal Combustion

Engines
Detergents
Ca and Mg sulfonates, phenolates and salicylates
To clean and neutralize oil impurities which would
normally cause deposits (oil sludge) on vital engine parts.

Dispersants
Polyisobutylene and ethylene-propylene oligomers with
nitrogen and or oxygen as a functional group
Keep contaminants (e.g.soot)suspended in the oil.

Lubricants for Internal Combustion

Engines
Friction modifiers
Alcohols, esters, fatty acid amides

Anti-misting agents
Silicone and acrylate
Prevent theatomizationof the oil.

Viscosity Improvers
Alkyl methacrylate

Lubricants for Internal Combustion

Engines
Soot Handling
Piston Cleanliness
Ring Sticking
Black Death at Camshaft
Black Sludge
Wear
TBN Depletion
Fuel Efficiency
Oil Consumption

Lubricants for Internal Combustion

Engines

Turbocharger Deposit