GUANAJUATO.
PRACTICAS 4.
SORGHUM CROP.
TEACHER HECTOR GORDON.
STUDENT JOSE MARINO
ARAUJO MENDOZA.
Sorghum Taxonomy.
Kingdom-Plantae.
Subkingdom-Tracheobionta.
Superdivision-Spermatophyta.
Class-Liliopsida.
Subclass-Commelinidae.
Order-Cyperales.
Family-Poaceae (Grass).
Genus-Sorghum.
Species-Sorghum bicolor.
Subspecies-Sorghum bicolor ssp. Arundinaceum-common wild
sorghum.
Subspecies- Sorghum bicolor ssp. Bicolor-grain sorghum.
Subspecies-Sorghum bicolor ssp. drummondii-sudan grass.
Species-Sorghum almum columbus grass.
Species-Sorghum helepense-johnson grass.
Species-Sorghum propiquum-sorghum.
Sorghum.
1. Day length: Day length neutral &
photosensitive types
2. Rainfall: 600 1,500mm
3. Altitude: 900 1,700m
4. Temperature: 23 32oC
5. Soil Type: Light, well drained loams
Sensitive to acidic soils
6. Root systems: Extensive & Deep
rooted
7. Photosynthetic Activity : Efficient
Sorghum in Mexico.
The national production in mexico in
sorghum crops is: 46.4% in irrigated
crops and 53.6% in temporary crops.
The sorghums crops surface in 2007
in Mexico was 1.87 millions of has.
Wich is 12.35 of the national surface
for the agriculture.
Tamaulipas 60%.
Guanajuato 21%.
Sinaloa 10%.
Michoacan 8%.
Nayarit 5%.
The rest of the states 16%.
SORGHUMS
MANAGEMENT.
Depth
and
date of planting
greatly affect emergence rate.
During
this
period,
growth
depends
on
the
seed
for
nutrients and food reserves.
Weed control
should
be
considered. Producers have preplant, pre-emergent, and/or postemergent herbicides available
for use. Herbicides are generally
used due to the problems
encountered with hoeing or
cultivation of large fields. This is
very apparent in years with
above average rainfall, when
mechanical practices are limited
by wet soil conditions.
Three-Leaf Stage
Leaves
are counted when the collar of
the leaf can be seen without
tearing the plant apart. The
collar is the area where the leaf
blade and leaf sheath attach.
Boot Stage .
Half-Bloom Stage
Half-bloom is usually defined as
when one-half of the plants in a
field or area are in some stage of
bloom. However, because an
individual sorghum head flowers
from the tip downward over 4 to
9
days,
half-bloom
on
an
individual plant is when the
flowering has progressed halfway down the head.
Soft-Dough Stage
Between halfbloom and soft-dough the grain fills
rapidly; almost half of its dry weight
is accumulated in this period.
The stalk weight increases slightly
following half-bloom; then, because
grain is forming rapidly, the stalk
loses weight. The loss in stalk weight
may account for as much as 10
percent of the grain weight.
Hard-Dough Stage
By hard-dough
stage, about three-fourths of the
grain dry weight has accumulated.
Nutrient uptake
is
essentially
complete.
Severe moisture stress or a freeze
before the grain matures will result in
light, chaffy grain.
The stalk has declined to its lowest
weight. Additional leaves may have
been lost.
Physiological Maturity
Maximum total dry weight of the
plant has occurred. The time
from flowering to physiological
maturity varies with hybrid and
environmental
conditions;
however, it represents about
one-third of the total time from
planting.
Grain
moisture
content
at
physiological maturity is usually
between 25 and 35 percent, but
varies with hybrid and growing
conditions.
If temperature and moisture
conditions
are
favorable,
branches may start to grow from
several of the upper nodes
(places where leaves attach).
Physiological
maturity
can
be
determined by the dark spot on the
opposite side of the kernel from the
embryo. The kernel on the left is
physiologically mature; the one on
the right is not.
To reap maximum yields of silage or
high-moisture grain, harvest as near
to physiological maturity as possible.
Leaf anthracnose .
Pathogen.-Glomerella graminicola.
Control.- the use of resistant
cultivars.
Storage molds .
Symptoms of damage
for a fungal
colonization
include
discoloration
in
grain(darkening) of the embryo or germ and
molding, heating and mustiness of the grain.
Causal organisms and mycotoxins: Aspergillus
spp. Penicillium spp. A.restrictus. A glaucus.
Control.- the most comun method is
prevention by drying or cooling the grain at
wich fungi cannot grow (moisture less than
13% and temperature below 5 Celcius
degrees).
transmited by planthopper.
Maize mosaic virus.- S.bicolor.
chlorotic striping. Transmited
by planthopper.
Control.- cultural practices
that
minimize
the
virus
source.
Nematodes.
Symptoms:
Root knots or galls.
Root lesions.
Abnormal or reduced root
development.
Control.
Quarantine and sanitization.
Cultural practices (crop rotation).
Physical treatments (steam sterilization
or hot water dips).
Biological control (fungi, bacteria, insects
and predacious nematodes).
Use of resistant cultivars.
Chemical control(insecticide-nematicides
like carbamates and organophosphates).
Beneficial microorganisms.
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae
(VAM). Endogenaceae.
Glomus.
Gigaspora.
Acaulospora.
Sclerocystis.
Insect pests.
Soil insects.
White grub Phylophaga crinite
(Burmeister).
Cut worm larvae.
Some species of climbing or army
cutworms.
Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi
Barber.
Foliage feeders.
Stem feeders.
Pink borer Sesamia inferens Walker.
Sugar cane borer Diatraea spp.
Maize stalk borer Busseola fusca
Fuller.
Head feeders.
Larvae of sorghum midge Contarinia
sorghicola (Coquillett).
Larvae of cornearworm Heliothis zea
(Boddie).
Young larvae of sorghum webworm
Nola sorghiella