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IP101.

2
Internet Protocol Address

Open System Interconnection


Type of Communications:
E-mail, file transfer,
client/server
Encryption, data
conversion: ASCII to
EBCDIC, BCD to Binary
Starts, stop session,
maintain order
Ensures delivery of entire
file
Routes data based on
network address
Transmit packets from
node to node based on
station address.
Electrical signals and
cabling

What is Internet Protocol Address?


W .
0 .

X
0

.
.

255 .

255 .

Y
0

.
.

255 .

X
0

255

Each IP address has two parts a network ID and a host ID.

The network ID identifies the physical network.

The host ID identifies the workstation, server, router or other devices.

Network ID and Host ID

Two formats of IP address:

Binary

Dotted Decimal

Each IP address is 32-bit long and composed of four 8-bit fields.

Each 8-bit field is an octet, therefore the range is 0 255.

The 32 bits are allocated to the network ID and host ID.

The human-readable format of an IP address is the dotted decimal notation.

Dotted Decimal

The above example contains both decimal notation and binary format.

A bit that is set to Zero (0) always has a zero value.

A bit that is set to 1 can be converted to a decimal value.

The low-order bit represents a decimal value of one.

The highest decimal value of an octet is 255 that is, when all bits are set to
one.

Converting IP Addresses from Binary to Decimal

When each bit is converted, the highest value in the octet is 255.

Each octet is converted separately.

A bit that is set to 0 always has a zero value.

A bit that is set to 1 can be converted to a decimal value.

The low-order bit is a decimal value of 1.

The highest order bit represents a decimal of 128.

Dotted Decimal

The following table shows how the bits in one octet are converted.
Binary

Bit Values

Decimal
Value

0000-0000

0000-0001

0000-0011

1+2

0000-0111

1+2+4

0000-1111

1+2+4+8

15

0001-1111

1+2+4+8+16

31

0011-1111

1+2+4+8+16+32

63

0111-1111

1+2+4+8+16+32+64

127

1111-1111

1+2+4+8+16+32+64+128 255

Quiz

Convert the following.


Binary Value

Decimal

10001011
10101010
10111111.11100000.00000111.10000001
01111111.00000000.00000000.00000001

Convert the following to binary format.


Decimal
250
19
109.128.255.254
131.107.2.89

Binary

Address Classes

The Internet community has defined 5 IP address classes (A,B,C,D,E) only


A, B and C addresses are assigned to hosts.
The 32-bit IP addressing scheme supports a total 3,720,314,628 hosts.
Number of
Networks

No. of Hosts
per Network

Range of
Network IDs
(1st Octet)

Class A

126

16,777,214

1 - 126

Class B

16,384

65,534

128 - 191

Class C

2,097,152

254

192 - 223

Note: The network ID cannot be 127. This ID is reserved for loopback and
diagnostic functions.

Address Classes

Class D

Class D are used for multicast group usage.

There are no network or host bits in the multicast operations.

Class E

Class E is an experimental address not available for general use because it is reserved for
future use.

Address Classes
Class A

Class B

Class C

Quiz

Write the address class next to each IP address.


Address

Class

131.107.2.89
3.3.57.0
200.200.5.2
191.107.2.10

Which address class (es) allow you to have more than 1,000 hosts per
network?
Which address class(es) allow only 254 hosts per network?

Subnetting
Subnet bits

Network
Number

Node Addresses Broadcast Address

0000

200.133.175.0

Reserved

None

0001

200.133.175.16

.17 thru .30

200.133.175.31

0010

200.133.175.32

.33 thru .46

200.133.175.47

0011

200.133.175.48

.49 thru .62

200.133.175.63

0100

200.133.175.64

.65 thru .78

200.133.175.79

0101

200.133.175.80

.81 thru .94

200.133.175.95

0110

200.133.175.96

.97 thru .110

200.133.175.111

0111

200.133.175.112

.113 thru .126

200.133.175.127

1000

200.133.175.128

.129 thru .142

200.133.175.143

1001

200.133.175.144

.145 thru .158

200.133.175.159

1010

200.133.175.160

.161 thru .174

200.133.175.175

1011

200.133.175.176

.177 thru .190

200.133.175.191

1100

200.133.175.192

.193 thru .206

200.133.175.207

1101

200.133.175.208

.209 thru .222

200.133.175.223

1110

200.133.175.224

.225 thru .238

200.133.175.239

1111

200.133.175.240

Reserved

None

Subnetting

A subnet is a physical segment in a TCP/IP environment derived from a


single network ID.
Typically, an organization acquires one network ID from APNIC or InterNIC..

Implementing Subnet

Determine the number of physical segments on your network.

Determine the number of required host addresses for each physical segment.

Each TCP/IP host requires at least one IP address.

Based on your parameters, define:

One subnet mask for your entire network.

A unique subnet ID for each physical segment.

A range of host IDs for each subnet.

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