INTRODUCTION TO

EOR
PRESENTED BY:
SARFRAZ ALMANI
(16ME-PET-S09)

INTRODUCTION
Enhanced

oil recovery (EOR) is the

implementation of various techniques for
increasing the amount of crude oil that
can be extracted from an oil field.
Enhanced oil recovery is also called
improved oil recovery or tertiary
recovery (as opposed to primary and
secondary recovery).

INTRODUCTION

According to the US Department of Energy,

there are three primary techniques for EOR:

Thermal recovery
Chemical injection
Gas injection

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques that

offer prospects for ultimately producing 30 to 60
percent or more of the reservoir's original oil in
place.

Methods Of EOR

The different recovery methods are:

Thermal Recovery Process

Steam Flooding
In-situ Combustion

Chemical Flooding or Chemical Oil Recovery

Polymer Flooding
Surfactant Flooding
Caustic Flooding (or) Alkaline Flooding
Micellar

Methods Of EOR
Gas

Injection Methods

Hydrocarbon Miscible Flooding

Nitrogen & Flue Gas Flooding
CO2 Flooding

Microbial

EOR Process (MEOR)

WHERE EOR TECHNIQUES

APPLIED?
These EOR techniques are applied in the fluids
having
(a) Oil of moderate viscosity
(b) heavy/highly viscous oil
(c)

Fluid already depleted where no energy

within the reservoir is left

Fluid & Rock Properties

Data For Different
Recovery Process For Oil
& Water

Reservoir Rock Properties

Introduction
Porosity
Permeability
Saturation

INTRODUCTION

A good reservoir rock must

have porosity
in which
Other
properties
include:
petroleum
can exist.

Another characteristics of
reservoir rock is that it
must be permeable.

Fluid Saturation, Saturation, Wettability, Surface and Interfacial tension,

Capillary pressure
Rock Compressibility, Overburden pressure etc.

POROSITY

POROSITY
Porosity is the capability of a rock
to hold fluids in pore. It is the ratio
of the pore volume in a rock to the
bulk volume of that rock.
Expressed in per cent.

Mathematical form is:

= Vp/Vb

Where:

Vp = pore volume

PERMEABILITY

Permeability

Permeability is a property of the porous medium that

measures the ability of the formation to transmit
fluids. Its the a measure of the ease with which the
rock will permit the passage of fluids.

Unlike porosity, permeability cannot be defined apart

from fluid flow. For a rock to be Permeable, it must
contain inter-connected pores.

Reservoir permeability is usually quoted in

millidarcies, (md).

 Darcys law helps us to measure the degree of permeability.

KA dp
Q
dL
Darcys K was determined to be a combination of
k, permeability of the sand pack (porous medium,
e.g. reservoir rock)
K is a constant of proportionality
, viscosity of the liquid
dp, Pressure gradient

Fluid Saturation
Saturation is defined as that fraction, or percent, of the pore volume
occupied by a particular fluid (oil, gas, or water). This property is
expressed mathematically by the following relationship:

Applying the above mathematical concept of saturation to each

reservoir fluid gives

Where
So = Oil saturation
Sg = Gas saturation
Sw = Water saturation
The
By

saturation of each individual phase range from 0-100%.

definition, the sum of saturation is 100% therefore,

Sg + So + Sw =1.0

Reservoir Fluid Properties

Formation volume factor (FVF)
Solution gas-oil ratio (GOR)
Solution oil-gas ratio (OGR)
Liquid specific gravity
API specific gravity
Gas specific gravity
Bubble point pressure
Retrograde dew point pressure
Critical point
Saturated condition
Undersaturated condition

Formation volume factor

(FVF)
The

ratio of a phase volume (water, oil, gas, or gas

plus oil) at reservoir conditions, relative to the
volume of a surface phase (water, oil, or gas) at
standard conditions resulting when the reservoir
material is brought to the surface.

Denoted mathematically as Bw (bbl/STB),

B0 (bbl/STB)
Bg (ft3/SCF)
Bt (bbl/STB)

Solution gas-oil ratio (GOR)

The

amount of surface gas that can

be dissolved in a stock tank oil
when brought to a specific pressure
and temperature.

Denoted

mathematically as Rs
(SCF/STB).

Solution oil-gas ratio (OGR)

The

amount of surface condensate

that can be vaporized in a surface gas
at a specific pressure and
temperature; sometimes referred to
as liquid content.

Denoted

mathematically as rs
(STB/MMSCF).

Liquid specific gravity

The

ratio of density of any liquid

measured at standard conditions (usually
14.7 psia and 60 T) to the density of
pure water at the same standard
conditions.

Denoted

mathematically as o (where
water = 1).

API specific gravity

Another

common measure of oil

specific gravity, defined by

API = (141.5/sp.gravity) 131.5,

units

isAPI.

Gas specific gravity

The

ratio of density of any gas at standard

conditions (14.7 psia and 60 F) to the density
of air at standard conditions; based on the
ideal gas law (PV = nRT), gas gravity is also
equal to the gas molecular weight divided by
air molecular weight (Mair = 28.97).
Denoted mathematically as g
(where air = 1).

Bubble point pressure

At

a given temperature, this

condition occurs when an oil
releases an infinitesimal bubble
of gas from solution when
pressure drops below the bubble
point.

Retrograde dew point pressure

At

a given temperature,
this condition occurs when
a gas condenses an
infinitesimal drop of oil
from solution when
pressure drops below the
dewpoint.

Critical point
The

pressure and temperature of a

reservoir fluid where the bubblepoint
pressure curve meets the retrograde
dewpoint pressure curve,
representing a unique state where all
properties of the bubblepoint oil are
identical to the dewpoint gas.

Saturated condition
A condition

where an oil and gas are in

thermodynamic equilibrium, that is, the
chemical force exerted by each
component in the oil phase is equal to the
chemical force exerted by the same
component in the gas phase, thereby
eliminating mass transfer of components
from one phase to the other.

Undersaturated condition
A condition

when an oil or a gas is in

a single phase but not at its saturation
point (bubblepoint or dewpoint), that
is, the mixture is at a pressure greater
than its saturation pressure.