Lewis Structures
Formal Charge
Formal Charge
Lewis Structures
Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms that have the same atomic number (number
of protons) but differ in mass (differing number of neutrons)
Isotopes may be stable or unstable (radioactive).
Isotopes are widely used to understand chemical mechanism and
as radiotracers
stable
Unstable
(beta emitter)
1s
+
1s
atomic hydrogen
molecular hydrogen
Bonding in Ethene
Bonding in Ethyne
Summary of Hybridization
Hybridization of C, N, and O
s Character
Summary
The shorter the bond, the stronger it is.
The greater the electron density in the region of orbital
overlap, the stronger the bond.
The more s character, the shorter and stronger the bond.
The more s character, the larger the bond angle.
Acid Strength
Alkoxide
anion
Alcohol
Oxoniu
m cation
A curved arrow points from the electron donor to the electron acceptor.
Amide
anion
ammoni
a
Ammoniu
m cation
acid
acid
Acid
35
Acid
15
Acid
35
Acid
15
pKa 2.81
pKa 2.86
pKa ~0
Base
Base strength
pKa
form
3.14
F-
-7
Cl-
-8
Br-
-9
I-
pKa = ?
pKa = ?
A carboxylic acid is neutral in its acidic form and charged in its basic form.
An amine is charged in its acidic form and neutral in its basic form.
Less s
character
less
electronegati
ve
Electron pair
in sp3 orbital
(less stable)