Memory
Introduction to memory
Models/ Stages of memory
Sensory memory
Working memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
Types of long-term memory
Processes of Memory
Failures or Forgetting
Retrieval of long -term
memory
Memory
Memory
persistence of learning
over time via the storage and
retrieval of information
Memory as Information
Processing
similar to a computer
write to file
save to disk
read from disk
Memory
The
process by
which we
encode,
store, and
retrieve
information
Three-system approach to
memory
1- Encoding: the
processing of
information into the
memory system i.e.,
extracting meaning
2- Storage: the
retention of encoded
information over time
3- Retrieval:
process of
getting
information
out of memory
Stages of
Memory
1- Sensory Memory
Working Memory
focuses more on the processing of
briefly stored information
3- Short-Term Memory
activated memory that holds a few items
briefly
look up a phone number, then quickly dial
before the information is forgotten
Forgetting within 15 to 25 seconds
4- Long-Term Memory
the relatively permanent and limitless
storehouse of the memory system
How do we form
connections ?
PB S FO X C N N AB C C B S M TV N B C
PBS FOX CNN ABC CBS MTV NBC
PBSFOXCNNABCCBS
MTVNBC
PBS
578451895678445
213543
578
Rehearsal : The
repetition of
information that has
entered short-term
memory
Mnemonics are
formal techniques for
organizing information
in a way that makes it
more likely to be
CBS
445
Rehearsal
The transfer of material from
short- to long-term memory
proceeds largely on the basis of
rehearsal, the repetition of
information that has entered
short-term memory.
Rehearsal accomplishes two
things. First, as long as the
information is repeated, it is
maintained in short-term
memory.
More important, however,
rehearsal allows us to transfer
the information into long-term
memory.
Priming A phenomenon in
which exposure to a word or
concept (called a prime) later
makes it easier to recall
related information, even when
there is no conscious memory
of the word or concept.
Flashbulb memories are
memories centered on a
specific, important, or
surprising event that are so
vivid it is as if they represented
a snapshot of the event.
Explicit memory
Intentional or
conscious recollection
of information.
Implicit memory
Memories of
which people are
not consciously
aware but that can
affect subsequent
performance and
behavior.
4. Proactive
interference in which
information learned earlier
disrupts the recall of
newer material.
5. Retroactive
interference in which
there is difficulty in the
recall of information
learned earlier because of
later exposure to different
material.
Forgetting as
Interference
Learning some items may disrupt retrieval of
other information
Proactive (forward acting) Interference
disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new
information
Forgetting can
occur at any
memory stage
As we process
information,
we filter, alter,
or lose much
of it