by Martin P.

Aguilar,
Jayson A. Mansibang,
Raissa P. Rebato
S-BIO08: Cell Biology |Professor CJ Pastor III 14 BSCIEBIO

CHLOROPLAST

MOTIVATIO
N

MOTIVATION
Leaves are green because
their chloroplasts contain
large quantities of the
pigment chlorophyll which
blue most
and strongly in the
absorbs

MOTIVATION
Chloroplast is to
photosynth as
_____________
mitochond
esis
_____________
is to
rion
cellular respiration.

MOTIVATION
Photosynthesis
H2 consumes O2
_____ and produces
O
____.

MOTIVATION
Photosynthesis in
chloroplasts
________
oxidiz
eswater to oxygen.

MOTIVATION
Chlorophy pigment is
____________
llmost
a
abundant in
green plants.

HISTORY OF CHLOROPLAST

Chains of cyanobacteria seen through

an
optical microscope

Light micrograph of some moss

chloroplasts under a 100 oil immersion
objective.

CHLOROPLAST

CHLOROPLAST

What is difference
between
Prokaryotic cell and
Eukaryotic cell?

CHLOROPLAST

What could be the

origin of Eukaryotic
cells?

HLOROPLAST

Prokaryot
es are
more
ancient
type of
cell

CHLOROPLAST

Endosymbiont Theory
Lynn Margulis
of Boston
University
resurrected
the idea of
previously
dismissed
idea of

CHLOROPLAST

Endosymbiont Theory

CHLOROPLAST

Endosymbi
ont Theory
Says that
certain
organelles of
Eukaryotic
cell
(mitochondri
a and
chloroplast)

WHAT ARE CHLOROPLASTS

membrane
bound organelles
found in plant
cells and
eukaryotic algae
that conduct

WHAT ARE CHLOROPLASTS

arise by fission
from preexisting
chloroplasts (or
their
nonpigmented
precursors, which
are called

FUNCTIONAL
ORGANIZATIO
N
Chloroplasts are
located
predominantly in
the mesophyll
cells of leaves.

STRUCTURE OF
CHLOROPLAST

LENS SHAPED INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF

STRUCTURE OF
CHLOROPLAST

STRUCTURE OF
CHLOROPLAST

CHLOROPLAS
TS AS SITE
OF
PHOTOSYNTH
ESIS
Theodor Wilhelm
Engelmann

Spirogyra
(green

VIDEO

OVERVIEW: PHOTOSYNTHETIC
METABOLISM
Cornelis
BernardusvanNiel
Overall equation of
photosynthesis

PHOTOSYNTHE
SIS

LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS

PIGMENTS, LIGHTDEPENDENT REACTION

AND THE

PIGMENTS

Pigments
are
compounds
that appear
colored
because they
only absorb
light of
particular
wavelength(s

BIOLOGICAL PIGMENTS
Produced by living organisms.
Have a colour resulting from selective colour
absorption.
Include Plant pigments and Flower pigments.
Biological structures such as

Skin

Eyes

Fur

Hair

Contain melanin pigment in specialized cells called

chromatophores.

TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL
PROTEINS
1. Heme/Porphyrin based: Chlorophyll, bilirubin, hemoglobin, myoglobin.
2. Light Emitting: Luciferin
3. Carotenoids:
i)

Hematochromes : Algal pigments, mixes of carotenoids and their

derivatives.

ii) Carotenes: alpha and beta Carotene

iii) Xanthophylls: Oxidised Carotenes (Eg. Canthaxanthin)
4. Proteinaceous : Phytochrome
5. Polyene enolates: A class of red pigments unique to parrots
6. Other: Melanin, Urochrome, flavanoids

PHOTOSYSTEM II, CYTOCHROME

B6 F, PHOTOSYSTEM I

THE PHOTOSYSTEMS

PHOTOSYSTEM II

PHOTOSYSTEM II

ELECTRO
N FLOW
THROUG
H
PHOTOSY
STEM II

CYTOCH
ROME
BF
COMPLE
X

PHOTOSYSTEM I

PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
Photosynthetic phosphorylation or
photophosphorylation is the process of
phosphate group transfer into ADP to
synthesize energy rich ATP molecule
making use of light as external energy
source.

NONCYCLIC VERSUS
CYCLIC
PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

CYCLIC
PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
Ferredox
in

Plastocya
nin

VIDEO

LIGHT
INDEPENDENT
REACTIONS /
CALVIN CYCLE

CHLOROPLAST

CHLOROPLAST

CHLOROPLAS

Plants that undergo light

reaction has a lot of ATPs and

CARBON DIOXIDE
FIXATION AND

CHLOREL

CHLOROPLAS

CALVIN CYCLE

CHLOROPLAS

CALVIN CYCLE

C3
PLAN
TS

PHOTORESPIRATI
ON

In photorespiration, rubisco adds O2 instead of

CO2 in the Calvin cycle
Photorespiration consumes O2 and organic fuel
and releases CO2 without producing ATP or sugar
In many plants, photorespiration is a problem
because on a hot, dry day it can drain as much as
50% of the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle

PHOTORESPIRATION

C4 plants

minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating

C4 leaf anatomy
Mesophyll cell
Photosynthetic
cells of C4
Bundlesheath
plant leaf
cell
Vein
(vascular tissue)

Stoma

Fig. 10-19b

The C4
pathway

Mesophyll
cell
PEP carboxylase

CO2

Oxaloacetate (4C) PEP (3C)

ADP
Malate (4C)

What is
the
significan
ce of C4
pathway?

Bundlesheath
cell

ATP

Pyruvate (3C)
CO2
Calvin
Cycle
Sugar

Vascular
tissue

It is when
C4 plants
are places
in dry, and
hot
environme
nt.

CAM PLANTS
Some plants, including succulents, use
crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) to
fix carbon.
They open their stomata at night,
incorporating CO2 into organic acids
Stomata close during the day, and CO2 is
released from organic acids and used in the

Sugarcane

Pineapple

C4

CAM

CO2
Mesophyll
cell
Organic acid

Bundlesheath
cell

CO2
1 CO2 incorporated
into four-carbonOrganic acid
organic acids
(carbon fixation)

CO2
Calvin
Cycle

CO2
2 Organic acids
release CO2 to
Calvin cycle

Night

Day

Calvin
Cycle

Sugar

Sugar

(a) Spatial separation of steps

(b) Temporal separation of steps

CHLOROPLAS

Inhibitors of
Photosynthesis

CHLOROPLAST

Inhibitors of
Photosynthesis
1. Triazines

a: Use:Ametryn (Evik)for
corn.
Atrazinefor corn and
sorghum.
Cyanazine (Bladex)for corn.
Simazine (Princep)for corn.
Metribuzin (Lexone,
Sencor)for alfalfa, soybean,

CHLOROPLAS

Inhibitors of
Photosynthesis

CHLOROPLAST

Inhibitors of
2. Phenylureas
Photosynthesis

a: Use:Linuron (Lorox)for
soybean and corn.
Tebuthiuron (Spike)for grass
pasture and noncropland.
b. Injury Symptoms: Same as for
the triazine herbicides.
c. Site of Action: D-1-quinonebinding protein of photosynthetic
electron transport.

CHLOROPLAST

Inhibitors of
Photosynthesis
3. Uracils
a. Use:Terbacil
(Sinbar)for alfalfa.
b. Injury Symptoms: Same
as for triazine herbicides.
c. Site of Action: D-1quinone-binding protein of
photosynthetic electron
transport.

CHLOROPLAST

Inhibitors of
4. Benzothiadiazoles
Photosynthesis

a. Use:Bentazon (Basagran)for
soybean, corn, dry bean and grain
sorghum.
b. Injury Symptoms: Leaves become
chlorotic and later turn brown and
die. The older leaves die first. All
the older leaves can turn brown
while the growing point remains
green. Sugarbeet can recover,
produce new leaves and produce a
nearly normal-size root at harvest if

CHLOROPLAS

Inhibitors of
5. Nitriles
Photosynthesis

a. Use:Bromoxynil (Buctril)for
wheat, barley, oats, rye, flax, corn
and alfalfa.
b. Injury Symptoms: Leaves become
chlorotic and later turn brown and
die.Contact with isolated spray
droplets may cause a spotting or
speckling of the leaves. The older
sugarbeet leaves will be affected
more than the young leaves.
Sugarbeet can produce new leaves

CHLOROPLAS

Inhibitors of
Photosynthesis
6. Carbamate

a:
Use:Desmedipham
(Betanex)for
sugarbeet.
Desmedipham +
Phenmedipham

CHLOROPLAST

Inhibitors of Photosynthesis

CHLOROPLAST

Inhibitors of
Photosynthesis
7. Dicarboxylic
Acid
a. Use:Endothall (H273)for sugarbeet.

REVIEW OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

The energy entering chloroplasts as sunlight gets

stored as chemical energy in organic compounds
Sugar made in the chloroplasts supplies chemical
energy and carbon skeletons to synthesize the
organic molecules of cells
Plants store excess sugar as starch in structures
such as roots, tubers, seeds, and fruits
In addition to food production, photosynthesis

Fig. 10-21

H2O

Light

CO2

NADP+
ADP
+ P
i
Light
Reactions:
Photosystem II
Electron transport chain
Photosystem I
Electron transport chain

RuBP

ATP
NADPH

3-Phosphoglycerate
Calvin
Cycle

G3P
Starch
(storage)

Chloroplast

O2

Sucrose (export)

Fig. 10-UN1

H2O

Primary
acceptor
H 2O
O2

CO2

El
ec
tr

on
ch t
ai r an
n s
po
Pq
rt

Cytochrome
complex

Primary
acceptor

El
ec
tr

on
ch t
ai ran
n s
po
Fd
rt
NADP+
NADP+
+ H+
reductase
NADPH

Pc

Photosystem II
O2

ATP

Photosystem I

Fig. 10-UN2

3 CO2

Carbon fixation

3 5C

6 3C
Calvin
Cycle

Regeneration of
CO2 acceptor
5 3C
Reduction

1 G3P (3C)

Fig. 10-UN5

SOURCES:
https://www.boundless.com/microbiology/textbooks/boundless-microb
iology-textbook/microbial-metabolism-5/biosynthesis-52/regulation
-of-the-calvin-cycle-339-7097/
Gerald Karp, Cell biology
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Biology/calvin.html
http://www.sbreb.org/brochures/herbicide/photo.htm
https://www.btny.purdue.edu/WeedScience/MOA/Photosynthetic_Inh
ibitors/text.html

REFERENCES
Images
http://
www.telescope.com/Image-Gallery/Microscope-Images/Green-Alga-Spirogyra/c/
189/sc/458/p/102334.uts
http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/plant-ed/2004-May/007686.html
http://i.ytimg.com/vi/q-DPfOgD1IQ/maxresdefault.jpg
Videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Es43i8Jl06w
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBdjsampM9k
Text
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biologyiv/photosynthesis/photophosphorylation.php