Industrial Training

Seminar
Study of Access Central System at
B.H.E.L
Name: Shantnu Singh
Roll no: 1305232034
EI final year.

Content :

Access Central System

Biometric System.
Fingerprint Biometric.
Fingerprint sensing techniques.

Reflection with contact sensor.

Capacitive sensor.
Pressure sensor.
RF sensor.

Processing and Feature Extraction.

Automatic Door Opening System.

PIR sensor.
Block diagram.

What is Access Central System ?

1.
2.
3.

Access Central system is a set of controls to restrict access to certain

resources. If we think about it, access controls are everywhere around us.
A door to your room, the guards allowing you to enter the office building on
seeing your access card, swiping your card and scanning your fingers on
the biometric system.
It consist of following three steps
Identification.
Authentication.
Decision.

Biometric System
The term "biometrics" is derived from the Greek words bio (life) and metric
(to measure). Biometrics refers to technologies for measuring and analyzing
a person's physiological or behavioral characteristics. These characteristics
are unique to individuals hence can be used to verify or identify a person .

2.

Types of Biometric system :

face.
fingerprint.

3.

hand geometry and iris recognition.

1.

Fingerprint Biometric.
Biometric identification of a person is fast, easy-to-use, precise, trustworthy
and economical over traditional knowledge-based and token-based
methods. A biometric system contains mainly an image capturing module, a
feature extraction module and a pattern matching module as shown in Fig.
1. An image capturing module acquires the raw biometric data of a person
using a sensor. Utilizing suitable algorithm/s feature extraction module
improves the quality of the captured image. Database module stores the
biometric template information of enrolled Persons. Pattern matching
module compares the extracted features with the stored templates, which
in-turn generates match score.

Block Diagram

Fingerprint sensing technique.

Reflection with contact sensor

The oldest 'live-scan' readers use frustrated refraction over a glass prism (when the
skin touches the glass, the light is not reflected but absorbed). The finger is
illuminated from one side with a LED while the other side transmits the image
through a lens to a camera. (FTIR: frustrated total internal reflection).

Capacitive sensor.

After optical sensing, the measurement of the capacitance between the skin and the pixel is
the most physical effect used to acquire fingerprints. Where there is a ridge or a valley, the
distance varies, as does the capacitance. Because an electrical field is measured and the
distance between the skin and the pixel must be very low to provide enough sensitivity, the
coating must be as thin as possible (a few microns). A significant drawback is vulnerability to
strong external electrical fields, the most dangerous being ESD (Electro-Static Discharge).

Pressure
This is one of the oldest ideas, because when you put your finger on something,
you apply a pressure. Piezo-electric material has existed for years, but
unfortunately, the sensitivity is very low. Moreover, when you add a protective
coating, the resulting image is blurred because the relief of the fingerprint is
smoothed.These problems have been solved, and now some devices using
pressure sensing are available.
Several solutions, depending on the material, have been proposed:
Conductive membrane on a CMOS silicon chip.
Conductive membrane on TFT.
Micro-electromechanical switches on silicon chip.

RF field - AC capacitance
Sometimes confused with
capacitance sensing, the only
common point between RF field
sensing and capacitance sensing is
the "capacitance" connection of the
signal.

Preprocessing and Feature

Extraction

A fingerprint is composed of a pattern of interleaved ridges and valleys. They

smoothly flow in parallel and sometimes terminate or bifurcate. At a global level,
this pattern sometimes exhibits a number of particular shapes called singularities ,
which can be classified into three types: loop, delta and whorl.

At the local level, the ridges and valleys pattern can exhibit a particular shape

called minutiae

Minutiae Extracted From Pattern

AUTOMATIC DOOR OPENING

SYSTEM

The main motto of the project is to utilization of sensor with combination of

embedded equipment for the door opening systems. This project describes the
design and implementations of automatic controller for the door. The door opens
when any human movement is detected near the door it detects with help of a PIR
(Passive infrared) sensor detects the movement and sends a signal to the
transistor, in turn gives interrupt signal to a programmable microcontroller

PIR SENSOR

A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures infrared
(IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. All objects with a temperature above
absolute zero emit heat energy in the form of radiation.
PIRs are basically made of a pyroelectric sensor, which can detect levels of infrared
radiation.

Circuit diagram

Thank you