Chapter 2

Transformers

Real Transformer

Mutual and Leakage Flux in a

Transformer

Magnetization Current in a Real

Transformer

Core Loss Current

A Real Transformer with Load

Real Transformer Model

Real Transformers Reflected

Impedances

Approximate Transformers Models

Transformer Taps & Voltage Regulation

Distribution Transformers have a series of taps in
windings, which permit small changes in turns ratio
of the transformer after leaving factory.
A typical distribution transformer has four taps in
addition to nominal setting, each has a spacing of
2.5% of full load voltage with the adjacent tap.

This provides possibility for voltage

below or above nominal setting by 5%.

adjustment

Transformer Taps & Voltage Regulation

Example: A 500 kVA, 13200/480 V distribution
transformer has 4, 2.5% taps on primary winding.
What are the voltage ratios?
Solution: Five possible voltage ratings are:
+5% tap 13860/480 V
+2.5% tap 13530/480 V
Nominal rating 13200/480 V
-2.5% tap 12870/480 V
-5% tap 12540/480 V

Transformer Taps & Voltage Regulation

Taps on transformer permit transformer to be adjusted in
field to accommodate variations in local voltages.
However, these taps can not be changed when power is being
applied to the transformer.
Sometimes voltage varies widely with load, i.e. when high line
impedance exists.
while normal loads should be supplied an essentially constant
voltage.
One solution is using special transformer called tap changing
under load (TCUL) transformer or voltage regulator.
A TCUL transformer has the ability to change taps while
power is connected to it.
A voltage regulator is a TCUL transformer with built-in
voltage sensing circuitry that automatically changes taps to
preserve system voltage constant

Autotransformer
On some occasions it is desirable to change voltage
level only by a small amount. i.e. may need to
increase voltage from 110 to 120 V or from 13.2 to
13.8 kV.
In such cases it is very expensive to hire a two full
winding
transformer,
however
a
special
transformer called autotransformer can be used.

Autotransformer
Diagram of a step-up auto-transformer shown in
figure below:
C: common, SE: series

Autotransformer
In step-up autotransformer:
VC / VSE = NC / NSE

(1)

NC IC = NSE ISE
(2)
Voltages in coils are related to terminal voltages as
follows:
VL=VC

(3)

VH=VC+VSE

(4)

Current in coils are related to terminal currents as:

IL=IC+ISE
IH=ISE

(5)
(6)

Autotransformer
Voltage & Current Relations in Autotransformer
VH=VC+VSE
since VC/VSE=NC/NSE

VH=VC+ NSE/NC

. VC

Noting that: VL=VC

VH=VL+ NSE/NC

. VL= (NSE+NC)/NC . VL

VL / VH = NC / (NSE+NC)

(7)

current relations:
IL=IC+ISE employing Eq.(2)

IC=(NSE/ NC)ISE

IL= (NSE / NC)ISE + ISE, since ISE=IH

IL= (NSE

/ NC)IH +IH = (NSE + NC)/NC . IH

IL / IH = (NSE + NC)/NC

(8)

Autotransformer
Apparent Power Rating Advantage of Autotransformer
Not all power traveling from primary to secondary in
autotransformer passes through windings.
Therefore if a conventional transformer is reconnected as
an autotransformer, it can handle much more power than
its original rating.
The input apparent power to the step-up autotransformer
i s : Sin =VL iL
And the apparent output power is:
Sout= VH IH

Autotransformer`

Eq. describes apparent power rating advantage

autotransformer over a conventional transformer.
The smaller the series winding the greater the advantage.

of

Example One: A 5000 kVA autotransformer connecting a 110kV

system to a 138 kV system has an NC/NSE of 110/28. For this
autotransformer actual winding rating is:
Example Two: A 100 VA 120/12 V transformer is connected as
a step-up autotransformer, and primary voltage of 120 applied
to transformer.

Autotransformer
(a) What is the secondary voltage of transformer?
(b) What is its maximum VA rating in this mode of
operation?
(c)Determine the rating advantage of
this autotransformer connection over transformer's
rating in conventional 120/12 V operation.
Solution: NC/N SE = 120/12 (or 10:1)
(a) Using,V H= (12+120/120) x 120 = 132 V
(b) rating advantage:

Autotransformer
It is not normally possible to reconnect an ordinary
transformer as an autotransformer due to the fact that
insulation of L.V. side may not withstand full output
voltage of autotransformer connection.
Common practice is to use autotransformer when two
voltages are fairly close because it gives more power rating
advantage.
Also used as variable transformers, where L.V. tap moves
up & down the winding.
Disadvantage: Direct physical connection between primary
& secondary circuits, so the electrical isolation of the two
sides is lost.

A Variable-Voltage Autotransformer