NOUN CLAUSES

Observe the following examples.

A. Noun Clauses derived from W-h questions.
1. Where does he live?
I dont know.
I dont know where he lives.
Noun Clause

2. What time did he visit you? Tell me.

Tell me what time he visited you.
Noun Clause

3. What was she doing here? Do you know?

Do you know what she was doing here?
Noun Clause

Pattern

: Question Words + S + V

B. Noun clauses derived from Yes/No question

1. Does he always come on time?
I wonder
I wonder whether he always comes on time.
Noun clause
2. Will she come to my birthday party?

I dont know
I dont know if she will come to my birthday party.

Noun Clause
3. Are they your classmates?

I wonder
I wonder whether they are my classmates or not.

Noun Clause
Pattern: Whether + S + V
If

C. Noun clauses derived from Statement

1. He is a good actor.
I think
I think that he is a good actor.
Noun clause

2. The sun rises in the east .

Everyone knows
Everyone knows that the sun rises in the east.
Noun Clause

3. She cant speak English well. It is obvious

It is obvious that she cant speak English well.
Noun Clause

That she cant speak English well

Noun Clause

Pattern: that + S + V

is obvious.

D. Question words followed by infinitives

1. I dont know what I should do.

I dont know what to do.
2. John cant decide whether he should go or
stay at
home.
John cant decide whether to go or stay at
home.
3. Please tell me how I can get to the hospital.
Please tell me how to get to the hospital.
4. Susan told us where we could buy an
English book.
Susan told us where to buy an English book.

State the functions of the following noun clauses.

1.

I want to know which one he really wants

Noun clause as ...

2. That the world is round is a fact.

Noun clause as

3. It is obvious that the sun sets in the west.

Noun clause as

4. You should tell me where I should send the letter.

Noun clause as

5.

Whether she comes or not is unimportant to me.

Noun clause as

QUOTED SPEECH
Quoted speech refers to reproducing words exactly as they were originally spoken.
1. Quoting one sentence

2.

3.

4.
5.

She said, My brother is a doctor.

My brother is a doctor, she said.
My brother, she said, is a doctor.
Quoting more than one sentences
My bother is a doctor. He works in hospital, she said.
My brother is a doctor, she said. He works in hospital.
Quoting a question or an exclamation
She asked, Where will you go tomorrow?
Where will you go tomorrow, she asked.
She said, Watch out!
Quoting a request, a command, etc.
Please help me, begged the unfortunate man.
Open the door! she said.

REPORTED SPEECH
Reported speech refers using a noun clause to report what someone has said. No
question marks are used.
Quoted speech
1. I watch TV everyday.
2. I am watching TV now.
3. I have watched TV.
4.
I had watched TV.
5. I will watch TV.
6. I am going to watch TV.
7. I can watch TV.
8. I may watch TV.
9. I must watch TV.
10. I have to watch TV.
11. I should watch TV.
12. I ought to watch TV.
13. I might watch TV.

Reported speech
1. She said that she watched TV everyday.
2. She said that she was watching TV.
3. She said that had watched TV.
4. She said that she had watched TV.
5. She said that she would watch TV.
6. She said that she was going to watch TV.
7. She said that she could watch TV.
8. She said that she might watch TV.
9. She said that she had to watch TV.
10. She said that she had to watch TV.
11. She said that she should watch TV.
12. She said that she ought to watch TV.
13. She said that she might watch TV.

 Exception
1. Immediate reporting
-What did the teacher just say? I didnt hear him.
- He said he wants us to read chapter four.
2. Later reporting
- I didnt go to class yesterday. Did
Mr. John make any assignment?
3. Reporting a fact or general truth.
The sun rises in the east.
The world is round,
4. The reporting verb is present
I watch TV everyday, she says
I watch TV everyday, she has said
5. Request
May I borrow your book? she
asked.

- Yes. He said that he wanted us to

read chapter four.

She said that the sun rises in the

east.
She said that the world is round.
She says she watches TV everyday.
She has said that she watches TV
everyday.
She asked me to borrow my book.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Adjective Clause is a dependent clause
that modifies a noun.

B. Adjective clause pronouns used as the

object of verb

Study the following usages of the adjective clauses

:

The relative pronouns used here are :

whom = for person
that = for person
thing
which = for thing
E.g. That is the man
I saw him last night.
That is the man whom I saw last night.
That is the man that I saw last night.
That is the man
I saw last night.

A. Adjective clause pronouns used as subject

The relative pronouns used are :
who = for person
that = for person
which = for thing

thing

E.g.

I thanked the woman.

She helped me.
I thanked the woman who helped me.
The book is mine.
It is on the table.
The book which is on the table is mine.

The book is cheap.

I bought it yesterday.
The book which I bought yesterday is
cheap.
The book
I bought yesterday is
cheap.

C. Adjective clause pronouns used

as the object of prepositions
The relative pronouns used here
are :
whom = for person
that = for person
thing
which = for thing
E.g.

The music is good.

I listen to it today.
The music to which I listen today is
good.
The music which I listen to today is
good.
The music that I listen to today is good.
The music
I listen to today is good.
D. Adjective clause after possessive
Adjective
The relative pronouns used here are
whose
= for person or thing
of which = for thing
I know the man His bicycle was stolen.
I know the man whose bicycle was stolen.

She is the woman.

I told you about her.
She is the woman about whom I told you.
She is the woman whom I told you about. That is the chair. Its legs are broken.
She is the woman that I told you about. That is the chair, the legs of which are
She is the woman
I told you about. broken.

Combine the sentences, using the second sentence as an adjective clause.

1. The student is from China. She

sits next to me.

2. I am using a sentence. It contains
an adjective clause.
3. The people were very nice. We
visited them yesterday.
4. I like the composition. You wrote
it.
5. I must thank to the people. I got
several presents from them.
6. The picture was very beautiful.
She was looking at it.
7. The man called the police. His
wallet was stolen.
8. I live in a dormitory. Its residents
come from many countries.

9. The woman is from Japan. We

met her at the meeting last night.

10. She lectured on a topic. I know
very little about it.
11. The students missed the
assignments. They were absent
from class.
12. I ran into a friend. I hadnt seen
him for years.
13. The candidate didnt win the
election. I voted for her.
14. The girl is standing over there.
Michael took her to the party.
15. The taxi driver is very friendly.
He took me to the airport.

E. Using where in Adjective clause

where used to modify a place.
E.g.
The building is very old.
He lives there ( in that building)
The building where he lives is very old.
The building in which he lives is very
old.
The building which he lives in is very old.
The building that he lives in is very old.
The building
he lives in is very old.
F. Using when in Adjective clause
when used to modify a noun of time.
E.g.
I never forget the day.
I met you then (on that day)
I never forget the day when I met you.
I never forget the day on which I met you.
I never forget the day that I met you.
I never forget the day
I met you.

G. Adjective clauses to modify pronouns

E.g. There is someone.
I want to meet.
There is someone whom I want to meet.
Paula is the one.
I know at the party.
Paul is the one that I know at the party.
Everything that he said was true.
Anybody who wants to come is welcome.
It is I who am responsible for the mess.
He who laughs last laughs the best.
H. Using expressions of Quantity in
Adjective clauses
There are 20 students in this class.
Most of them are from
China.
The are 20 students in this class, most of
whom are from China.

Defining and Non defining Adjective Clauses

Defining Adjective clauses
Adjective clauses constructed without
comma (s)
E.g. The Professor who teaches
history is an excellent lecturer.
( there are more than one
Professors)

Non defining Adjective clauses

Adjective clauses constructed with
comma (s)
E.g. Mr. Matthew, who teaches
history, is an excellent teacher.
(there is only one excellent teacher)

The teacher thanked to the students

who had given her some flowers.
(the flowers were from some
students)

The teacher thanked to the

students, who had given her some
flowers. (the flowers were from all of
the students)

The furniture which is broken should

be sent to the carpenter. (some of
the furniture is broken)

The furniture , which is broken,

should be sent to the carpenter. (all
of the furniture is broken)

A. Combine the sentences, using the second sentence as an adjective clause.

1. The city was beautiful. We spent our

vacation there.
2. The town is small. I grew up there.
3. That is the drawer. I keep my
jewelry there.
4. Monday is the day. We will come
then.
5. July is the month. The weather is
usually hot then.
6. This is the year. The revolution took
place then.
7. A caf is a small restaurant. People
can get a light meal there.
8. Summer is the time of year. The
weather is the hottest then.
9. There came a time. The people had
to spent their money then.

10. There was a time. Dinosaurs

dominated the earth then.
11. The orchestra played three
symphonies. One of them was
Beethovens Seventh.
12. I tried on six pairs of shoes. I liked
none of them.
13. The village has more than 200
people. The majority of them are
farmers.
14. They own an original Picasso
painting. The value of the painting is
more than a million dollars.
15. My country is dependent upon its
income from coffee. The price of
coffee varies according to
fluctuations in the world market.

B. Add comma(s) where necessary.

1. Only people who speak Russian
should apply the job.
2. The rice which we had for dinner
last night was very good.
3. Paul who died two years ago was
a kind and loving man.
4. A river which is polluted is not
good for swimming.
5. Brantas river which flows north
from mount Arjuna is the longest
river in east Java.
6. Rice which is grown in many
countries is a staple food
throughout much of the world.
7. Goat which were first tamed more
than 9,000 years ago in Asia have
provided people with milk, meat,
and wool since prehistoric time.
0

8. Mrs. Clark is furious at the goat which

got on wrong side of the fence and is
eating her flowers.
9. I live in town which is situated in valley.
10. I have fond memories of my hometown
which is situated in valley.
C. Discuss the difference in meaning in
the following pairs of sentences.
1. He reached in the basket and threw
away the apples that were rotten.
2. He reached in the basket and threw
away the apples, which were rotten.
3. Cindy was happy when she opened the
present , which was from her friend.
4. Cindy was happy when she opened the
present that was from her friend.
5. He picked up his money which scattered
on the floor.
6. He picked up his money, which scattered
on the floor

Changing Adjective Clauses to Adjective Phrases

The following are the ways of changing
Adjective Clauses to Adjective Phrases :
A.If the adjective clause contains be form

of a verb.
E.g. The man who is sitting on the
chair is Mr. Smiths.
. The man sitting on the chair is Mr.
Smiths.
The book which was written by Mr.
Lea is valuable.
. The book written by Mr. Smiths is
valuable.
The bag which is on the table is
mine.
. The bag on the table is mine.
B. If the adjective clause contains of verb,
the verb is changed to V +ing
E.g. Anyone who wants to come is
welcome.
Anyone wanting to come is welcome.

C.If the adjective clause requires commas,

the adjective phrase also requires

commas.
E.g. Mr. Matthew, who is the chairman
of this firm, is my uncle.
Mr. Matthew, the chairman of this
firm, is my uncle.
D. Adjective phrases in which a noun
follows another noun is called
Appositives.
E.g. Paris, the capital of France, is an
exciting city.
Task
A. Change the adjective clauses to
adjective phrases.
1. The people who are waiting for the bus in
the rain are getting wet.
2. I come from a town that is located in the
southern part of the country.
3. The children who attend that school receive
a good education.
4. They live in a house that was built in 1890.

5. Be sure to follow the instructions that

are given at the top of the page.
6. The rules that allow the public
access to wilderness areas need to be
reconsidered.
7. The photographs which were
published in the newspaper were
extraordinary.
8. The psychologists who study the
nature of sleep have made important
discoveries.
9. Kuala Lumpur, which is the capital
city of Malaysia, is a major trade center
in southeast Asia.
10. When I went to Alexs house to drop
off some paperwork, I met Jerry, who is
his longtime partner.
11. Our solar system in a galaxy that is
called the Milky Way.
12. Two out of three people who are
struck by lightening survive.

13. Simon Bolivar, who was a great of

southern American general, led the fight
for independence early in the 19th
century.
14. Many of the students who hope to
enter university will be disappointed
because only one-tenth of those who
apply for admission will be accepted.
15. There must exist in a modern
community a sufficient number of
persons who possess the technical skill
that is required to maintain the
numerous devises upon which our
physical comforts depend.
16. Abraham Lincoln, who was one of the
truly great presidents of the United
states of America, ran for public office
26 times and lost 23 times of the
election.
17. The fence which surrounds our house
is made of wood that was bought from
Kalimantan.

18. There is almost no end to the

problems that face a head of state.
19. Antarctica which is covered by a
huge ice cap that contains 70 percent
of the earths fresh water.
20. Albert Einstein, who was one of the
greatest scientists of all time,
performed badly in almost all of his
high school courses and failed his first
college entrance exam.
B. Change the adjective phrases to
adjective clause.
1. We visited Barcelona, a city in
northern Spain.
2. Corn was one of the agricultural
products introduced to the European
settlers by the Indian. Some of the
other products introduced by the
Indians were potatoes, peanuts, and
tobacco.

3. He read The Old Man and the Sea, a

novel written by Ernest Hemingway.
4. Mercury, the nearest planet to the sun,
is also the smallest of the nine planets
orbiting the sun.
5. The pyramids, the monumental tombs
of ancient Egyptian pharaohs, were
constructed more than 4,000 years ago.
6. Two thirds of those arrested for car
theft are under twenty years of age.
7. Any student not wanting to go on the
trip should inform the office.
8. I just purchased a volume of poems
written by David Killer, a contemporary
poet known for his sensitive
interpretation of human relationships.
9. The book consisting of 100 pages is
not thick.
10. We stayed in a hotel situated in a big
city.

C. Find out the error (s) in the following sentences and correct them.
1. There are some people in the

government who is trying to improve

the live of poor people.
2. He comes from Venezuela that is a
Spanish-speaking country.
3. My sister has two children, who their
names are Alex and John.
4. One of the people which I admire
most is my uncle.
5. My favorite teacher, Mr. Lea, he was
always willing to help me after class.
6. Baseball is the only sport in which I
am interested in it.
7. A myth is a story expresses
traditional beliefs.
8. I have some good advice for
anyone who he wants to learn a
second language

9. He lives in a hotel restricts to

senior citizens.
10. My classroom is located on the
second floor of Carver Hall that is a
large brick building in the center of
the campus.
11. There is a legend telling among
people in my country about a man
lived in the 17th century saved a
village from destruction.
12. An old man was fishing next to me
on the pier was muttering to himself.
13. When I was a child, I was always
afraid of the beggars whom they
went from house to house in my
neighborhood.
14. There is a small wooden screen
separates the bed from the rest of
the room.

GERUNDSANDINVINITIVES

Gerund is the-ing form of a verb used as a

noun.
A. The function of Gerund
1. Gerund functioned as a subject
E.g. Making pies and cakes is Mrs.
Reeds specialty.
Doing exercises in the morning
makes his body healthy.
2. Gerund as an object of verb
E.g. The police told the thief to stop,
but he kept running.
They couldnt avoid making her cry.
3. Gerund as an object of preposition
E.g. John tried to give up smoking.
They are accustomed to sleeping.
4. Gerund after possessive
E.g. I dont understand his coming
here late this afternoon.
Mr. Lea complained about Johns
attending the lecture late.

B. Study the following words :

1. The verbs followed by gerund.
admit complete dislike
advise consider enjoy
appreciate delay finish
avoid
deny cant help
keep practice
regret
mention
quitresist
mind recall suggest
etc.
2. Verbs followed by Infinitives
afford begdecide
agree begin demand
appear care deserve
arrange
claim expect
ask consent
fail
hesitate
mean prepare
hope need pretend
learn offer promise
manage
plan
refuse
seem want
wish
etc

3. Verbs followed by pronoun + Infinitive

allow
ask beg
cause encourage expect
forbid force
invite
order
permit persuade
remind tell warn etc.
C. TASK
Complete each sentence with any
appropriate gerund or Infinitive.
1. When Bob got tired, he stopped .
2. Would you mind the door?
3. The weather will get better soon after it
stops .
4. We can leave as soon as it quits
5. I enjoy a long walk every morning.
6. I have a lot of work to do, but Id still like
to go with you later on. Ill call you when I
get through .
7. I would like to have some friends over.
Im thinking about a party.
8. He told us a funny joke. We couldnt
stop

9. Jack almost had an automobile accident.

He barely avoided another car at the
intersection.
10. Where are you considering for vacation?
11. Sometimes I put off my home work.
12. You have to decide where you want to go
to school next year. You cant postpone .. that
decision much longer.
13. I wanted to go to Mexico. Sally
suggested to Hawaii.
14. Tony mentioned the bus to school
instead of walking.
15. I appreciate .able to study in peace and
quite.
16. I thanked to my friend for. me some
books.
17. Fred didnt have any money, so he decided
.....a job
18. The teacher reminds the students ...their
assignments.
19. I was broke. So Jenny offered .....me a little
money.
20. Lucy pretended...the answer of question.

Complete each of the following

sentences with an appropriate
preposition and verb form.
1. Henry is excited (leave) for India.
2. You are capable (do) better work.
3. I have no excuse (be) late.
4. Im accustomed to (have) a big
breakfast.
5. The rain prevented us (complete)
the work.
6. Fred always complains (have) a
headache.
7. Margaret went to the ballgame
instead (study).
8. Thank you (help) me carry my
suitcases.
9. Mrs. Grant insisted (know) the
whole truth.

10 I believe (be) honest to all times.

11. Fatima had a good reason (go,
not) to class yesterday.
12. Everyone in the neighborhood
participated (search) for the lost
child.
13. I apologize to John (make) him
wait for me.
14. You should take advantage
(live) here.
15. Alice isnt interested (look) for a
new job.
16. The weather is terrible tonight. I
dont blame you (want, not) to go
to the meeting.
17. Who is responsible (wash) and
(dry).the dishes after dinner.
18. The thief was accused (steal) a
womans purse.

Complete the sentences using by

phrases.
1. We satisfy our hunger by .
2. I found out what quench means
3. Pat turned off the tape recorder
4. Tony improved his listening
comprehension
5. We show people we are happy
6. Alex caught my attention .
7. They got rid of the rats in the building
.
8. My dog shows me she is happy
9. He accidentally electrocuted himself..
10.Sometimes teenagers get into
trouble with their parents .
11.We decided who should get the last
place of pie .
12.We quench our thirst

Use an infinitive phrase to create

active and passive sentence using
the given ideas and the verbs in
brackets.
1. My adviser said to me, You should
take Biology 109. (ask)
My adviser asked me to take ....
I was asked to take .....
2. The teacher said to him, Keep your
eyes on your own paper. (warn)
3. He said, Dont forget to turn in your
reports by the 15th. (remind)
4. She said. Be quiet. (tell)
5. The hijecker said to the pilot, You
must land the plane. (force)
6. My parents said to me, You may stay
up late on Saturday night. (allow)
7. The teacher said to the students,
Speak slowly and clearly.
(encourage)

COMMON VERBS FOLLWOED BY EITHER GERUNDS OR INFINITIVES

begin
like hate
startlove cant stand
continue prefer cant bear
E.g.
1. It begins raining./It begins to rain
2. He starts working. /He starts to work.
But It was beginning to rain.
remember regret prefer
forget try
E.g.
3. Judy always rememebers to lock the
door. (duty, task, rsponsibility)
I rememeber being a student at this
university at the first time. (recalling the
event in the past)
2. I often forget to lock the door. (task,
duty, responsibility)
Ill never forget getting excellent mark
on grammar (recaling event in the past)

3. I regret to tell you that you failed the

test. (regret to say or inform bad news)

I regret lending him some money. He
never paid me back. (regret something
that happened in the past)
4. I am trying to learn English (effort)
The room was hot. I tried opening
the door, but that didnt help. I tried
turning on the fan, but it was still hot.
Finally I turned on the air conditioner.
5. The students prefer to go out than to
stay at home
The students dont prefer going out
to staying at home.
6. Every student often talks about going
to mount Bromo to do camping there,
but I dont like going there for the
extreme weather. I would prefer to go
to the beach than to go to mount
Bromo to spend my short holiday
there.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. When a plane begins ...(move) down,

my heart starts...(race). The plane is

beginning...(move), and my heart is
starting...(race).
2. Whe I travel, I prefer...(drive) to (take)
a plane.
3. I can remember...(be) very proud and
happy when I graduated.
4. What do you remember...(do) before
you leave for class every day.
5. I regret....(inform) you that your loan
application has not been approved.
6. I forgot ...(take) a book back to library,
so I had to pay a fine.
7. Sometimes students avoid ...(look) at
the teacher if they dont want...
(answer) a question.
8. The children promised...(play) more
quitely. They promised...(make, not) so
much noice.

9. Mark mentioned...(go) to the market

later today. I wonder if he is still
planning...(go).
10. Could you please stop...(whistle)?
Im trying ...(concentrate) on my
work.
11. Dont forget ...(tell) Jane...(call) me
about...(go)....(swim) tomorrow.
12. The horse strugled...(pull) the wagon
out of the mud.
13. I think Sam deserves...(have)
another change.
14. I urged John ...(return) to school
and...(finish) his education.
15. Liz encouraged me...(throw away)
my old running shoes with holes
and ...(buy a new pair.
16. Mark mantioned ...(go) to the market
later today. I wonder if he is still
planning...(go).

INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE
THE USE OF TO, IN ORDER TO, AND FOR
To and In order to are used for purpose and they are followed by verb while for is followed by noun or noun phrase e.g.
*We went to the market to buy fruits.
*We need to find her in order to talk.
*We went to the market for some fruits.

USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH

Too is followed by an adjective while enough is followed by a noun, e.g.
*The box is too heavy for me to lift.
*He has enough strenght to lift the box.
Complete the sentences with to, in order to, for, enough, or too.
1. My friend swims everyday ....his health.
2. I asked the gardener ....me some interesting flowers for my girl friend
3. My roomate asked me...some dirty dishes after dinner.
4. We always do exercises ....healthy.
5. John climbed onto a chair ...a light bulp in the ceiling.
6. The test is ....for Bob to finish panctually.
7. Do you think that this car has......to go up to the top of the mountain?
8. I practice speaking English into a tape recorder.....my pronunciation.
9. We usually go the restaurant...our lunch.
10. My brother has ....to overcome the problems faced by my family.
11. The novel is ....for me to buy since I have only ....for my dinner.
12. The farmer usually has ...to water the plants during the drought.
13. My aunt is ....to do her job. She goes home late everyday.
14. Everyone needs money ....his daily needs.
15. How much money do they spend ....food everyday?

PASSIVE AND PAST FORMS OF GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

Forms
Simple
Active
to see
seeing

Past
to have seen
having seen

Passive to be seen

to have been seen

being seen having been seen

E.g.
1. I want to see my doctor.
2. I dont mind seeing my doctor right now.
3. My father seems to have called the doctor. There he is coming now!
4. I appreciate having had an apportunity to see my doctor.
5. I dont want to be called a liar.
6. I really consider being invited to
come to his party.
7. He is lucky to have been given a scholarship.
8. I appreciate having been given a nice present for my birthday party last night.
Complete the sentences using an appropriate form for each verb in parenthesis.
6. Your compositions are supposed ...(write) in ink.
7. Jack has a good chance of...(elect). I dont know whether Im going to vote for him or not.
8. Carlos appears...(lose) some weight. Has he been ill?

4. You must tell me the truth. I insist on....(tell)

the truth .

5. A: Do you know Jim Franksnstein?

B. I dont know. I dont recall ....(ever meet) him before.
6. Jame was caught by the enemy, but he managed to escape. He is lucky...(escape) with his wife.
7. We would like...(invite) to the presidents reception at the Pearl hotel last week, but we werent.
8. I expected....(invite) to the party, but I wasnt.
9. I feel guilty about...(write, not) to you sooner, but I have been swamped with work lately.
10. Sometimes adolescents complain about (understand, not) by their parents.
USING VERBS OF PERCEPTION
Verbs of perception can be followed by simple form or v-ing.
E.g. I heard the rain fall on the roof.
I heard the rain falling on the roof.
Verbs of perception
see
look at
feel
notice observe smell
watch listen to hear
USING LET AND HELP
Let is followed by simple form and help can be followed by either simple form or to infinitive

USING CAUSATIVE VERBS : MAKE, HAVE , GET

Study the following.
The lecturer often makes every student
do the task
The lecturer often has every student do
the task.
The lecturer often gets every student to
do the task.
It can be formulated;
make pronoun
simple verb
have
noun/np
(person)

get pronoun
noun/np

to infinitive

(person)

The lecturer often makes the task done by

the student.
The lecturer often has the task done by the
student.
The lecturer often gets the task done by the
student.

It can be formulated :
make
have
pronoun/n(p) Verb 3
get
(thing)
Complete the sentences using appropriate
verbs.
1. While waiting for my plane, I watched other
planes.....and .....
2. There was an earthquake in my hometown. I
could feel the ground...
3. I was almost asleep last night when I heard
someone ...on the door.
4. When I went to bed last night, I heard the
phone ...
5. Why do you let your roomate...the room dirty.
6. Keep working. Dont let me ...
7. The lecturer usually lets us ...the task before
final examanation.
8. I usually have my sister...the windows before
she went out.

9. Kostas got some kids in the

neighborhood ...the floor of
livingroom.
10. The doctor often makes the
patient ....in bed for several days.
11. Alice stopped at the service station
to have the tank of her car ...
12. I spilled some tomato sauce on my
shirt, so I need to get it...
13. The carpenter always makes the
plane he uses ....before he starts
doing his job.
14. Im more than willing to help
you...the task on thime.
15. When I was child, my parents
wouldnt let me ...
16. Before I left on my trip, I have the
travel agent...
17. Tom was a claver boy. Somehow he
got his friends...the fance for him.

18. Hes a terrific a football player. Did

you see him...the goal?
19. Last week I was sick with the flu.
It made me ...awful.
20. My mother always makes me
...slow down if she thinks Im
driving too fast.

COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS
A. PARALLEL STRUCTURES
B. PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS
C. COMBINING INDEPENDENT CLAUSES WITH COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS

A. Parallel Structures
Parallel structures are structures
which are formed by combining
equivalent English class of words by
using coordinate conjunctions.
E.g.
1. Susan and her friend are in this
room.
2. She raised her hand and snapped
her fingers.
3. He is sitting on the chair and
watching TV.
4. The book is small but valuable.
5. He can write quickly and neatly.
6. She wants to watch TV or (to) listen
some music.

7. The colors of the Dutch flag are red,

white, and blue.
Correct the errors.
1. By obeying the speed limit, we can
save energy, lives, and costs us less.
2. My home offers me a feeling of
security, warm, and love.
3. When I refused to help her, she
became very angry and shout at me.
4. I enjoy taking care of my acquarium
and to work on my stamp collection.
5. All plants need light, to have a
suitable climate, and an ample
supply of water and minerals from
the soil.

6. With their keen sight, fine

hearing, and they have a
refined sense of smell, wolves
hunt elk, deer, moose, and
caribou.
7. Slowly and being cautious, the
firefighter ascended the burned
staircase.
8. When Anna moved, she had to
rent an appartment, make new
friends, and to find a job.
9. On my vacation, I lost a
suitcase, broke my glasses,
and I missed my flight home.
10. The pioneers labored to clear
away the forest and planting
crops.

B. Paired Conjuctions
Paired conjuctions are also called
Correlative Conjunctions.
Both...and
Not only...but also
Either...or
Neither...nor
E.g.
1. Both the lecturer and the student
are in this room.
2. Not only my sister but also my
brother is here.
3. Either the students or the teacher
is planning to come here.
4. Neither the the teacher nor the
students are planning to come
here.

Correct the errors.

1. Both my mother talked to the teacher
and my father.
2. I enjoy not only reading novels but
also magazines.
3. Either John will call Mary or Bob.
4. Oxygen is plentiful. Both air contains
oxygen and water.
5. Not only Sue saw the mouse but also
the cat.
6. Either John or Bill are going to teach
our class today.
7. The passanger and the driver both
are injured in the accident.
8. Mrs. Browns not only bought a coat
but also a pair of shoes.
9. We will either go to New Orleans for
our vacation or to Miami.
10. They dont have neither a refrigerator
nor a stove in their new appartment.

C. COMBINING INDEPENDENT
CLAUSES USING and, but, or, nor,
so, for, yet.
E.g.
1. It was raining hard, and there was
2.
3.

4.

5.
6.
7.

a strong wind.
John is diligent, but his sister is
lazy.
Susan will continue her study, or
her mother will ask her to apply a
job.
Mr. Browns doent have a house to
stay, nor his neighbor doesnt have
money to buy some food.
Jane was tired, so she went to bed.
Janet cannot come here, for she
doesnt have a spair time.
She didnt study, yet she passed
the examanation.

ADVERB CLAUSES
Adverb Clauses of Time
Adverb Clause of Purposet
Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effect
Adverb Clauses of Contras
Adverb Clause of Result
Adverb Clauses of Condition

A. ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME

Adverb Clause is a clause which

implies a meaning when the event
happens or happened. Study the
following :
1. When the lecturer arrives, the
students will take their seats.
2. When father arrives from work,
mother usually finishes preparing
the food for lunch.
3. When we go camping, we have
prepared for our provisions.
It can be concluded that :
When +S+V(present), S+will+V1
, S+V (present)
, S+have/has+V3

1. When father arrived from work,

mother started to cook the food for

lunch.
2. When Tom got there, they were
decorating the room.
3 When the lecturer arrived, the
students had already entered the
room.
4 When father arrived, mother had
been preparing the lunch for two
hours.
It can be concluded that :
When+S+V2, S+V2
, S+was/were+V-ing
, S+had+V3
, S+had+been+V-ing
3

While
E.g.
1. While mother is cooking, father is
working in the office.
2. Anne was washing the dishes while
her mother was cooking in the kitchen.
After
E,g.
3. After John has worked hard, he feels
very tired.
4. After Anne gets up, she will go to the
bathroom.
5. Mary applied a job after she had
graduated form University.
Before
E.g.
6. Dont leave the house before he
comes.
7. He had completed the task before she
came.

As soon as
E.g.
1. As soon as he presses the button,
the lamp will be on.
2. He gave me a letter as soon as he
arrived.
By the time
E.g.
3. By the time father arrives, mother

will have finished cooking.

4. Mother will have been cooking for
two hours by the time father
arrives.
5. By the time the lecturer entered
the classroom, the students had
already discussed the task.
6. The students had been discussing
the task for several hours by the
time the bell rang.

Until
E.g.
1. I dont remember until I see you.
2. He will stay in the car until his father
comes back.
3. We didnt know your address until you
called me yesterday.
As long as
E.g.
4. You can stay here as long as you like.
5. You will not be able to be rich as long
as you dont want to save the money
in bank.
Since
E.g.
6. He has worked hard since he moved
here.
7. He has been stydying hard since he
heard there was an examanation.

Whenever
E.g.
1. You can use my car whenever you
want.
2. Call me whenever you have problem.
Every time
E.g.
3. You can call me every time you need
a help.
4. Every time you feel tired, you may go
home.
The first time
E.g.
5. The first time I met your sister, she
didnt recognize me.
The last time
E.g.
6. The last time I went to America, I
visited New York.

Complete the following sentences with

the correct answers.
1. I will let her know...she arrives
tomorrow.
2. Dont start writing ...you are told to do
so.
3. When he ....his car, he drove to his
office.
4. I will leave her while she ... tomorrow.
5. When I was in Britain, I ...in
Bourrmouth for a month.
6. He didnt understand the problem...he
explained it.
7. By the time john comes here, the
party ..., so he feels a bit undelighted.
8. Mr. Browns will say hello to me...he
meets me.
9. I have to speak English...I live in this
country.

10. The first time we went to Bali, we...Bali

beach.
11. Mother is cooking in the kitchen while
father...in the office.
12. By the time the police came to the scene
of the action, the victims...by the people
to be taken to the hospital.
13. When Jeremy enters the room, his
friends...their tasks.
14. He didnt want to apply the job before
he....from University.
15. She always smiles...I call her name.
16. What ...you ... after you had finished your
study?
17. What...you....when your brother called
you last night?
18. Jane...a lot of friends since she moved to
this town.
19. John...hard when he knows that there
will be a test tomorrow.
20. What...you...by the time your friends
arrive here.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CAUSE AND EFFECT

Adverbial Clause of Cause and Effect is a
clause which gives a reason or an effect of
the event or activity expressed by the verb
in main clause.
E.g.
1. I couldnt come because it was raining.
2. As john was ill, he couldnt come.
3. Since you dont have money, you cant
efford to buy some food.
4. Now that you have finished your work,
you can go home.
Adverbial Clauses of Cause and Effect can
be simplified into Adverbial phrases using
because of and due to. E.g.
I couldnt come because the weather was
cold.
I couldnt come because of the cold
weather.
I coulnt come due to the cold weateher.

Adverbial Clause of Cause and Effect

can be changed into a Modifying
Adverbial Phrase functioned as a
modifier of the subject of the main
clause. E.g.
1. Because she was ill, Jane couldnt
come here.
Being ill, Jane couldnt come here.
2. Since he lacked the necessary
qualifications, he was not considered
for the job.
Lacking the necessary
qualifications, he was not considered
for the job.
3. Because he had graduated from
University, John was admitted to take
that job.
Having graduated from University,
John was admitted to take that job.

Complete the sentences with

because, since, now that or because
of.
1. We cant visit the meseum...it isnt
open.
2. ....I dont have spre time, I cant
attend the lecture now.
3. Jim had to give up jogging....his
sprained ankle.
4. The young couple decided not to
buy the house....its dilapidated
condition.
5. ...there was no information about
interesting places to visit in this
town, we couldnt attract the
tourists to come here.
6. Sues eyes were red...she had
been swimming in a clorinated
pool.

7. We couldnt afford to buy a new car

....our low income.
8. ....Susan doesnt have many
frieands in this town, she often
feels lonely.
9. Jane has no choice but to work
...she is a self supporting widow
with three children.
10. ...I am almost broke, I cant buy
something to eat.
Using the ideas given in parenthese,
complete the sentences.
1. (Our parents are generous)
Because of ...., all of the children
in our family have recieved the
best of everything.
2. (The traffic was heavy) We were
late to the meeting, due to....

3. (Johns wife is sick) John has to do

.
all of the cooking and cleaning
because of ....
4. (Dr. Robinson has done excellent
research on wolves) Due to...., we
know much more today about that
endangered species than we did
even five years ago.
5. (It was noisy in the next appartment)
I couldnt get to sleep last night due
to ...
6. (Circumstances are beyond my
control) Because of...., I regret to say
that I cannot be present at your
daughters wedding.
7. (The weather was extremely hot)
Due to ..., I decided to go swimming.
8. (She has an apportunity to stay a
night here) Jane will spend her spare
time here because of.....

The following sentences contain

dangling modifier or illogical
modifiers. Correct these errors.