DISTILLATION

Distillation
Distillation is a process in which a liquid or vapour mixture
of two or more substances is separated into its component
fractions of desired purity, by the application and removal
of heat.
Distillation is done on the basis of differences in their
volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a physical
separation process, and not a chemical reaction.
Principle:
Separation of components from a liquid mixture via
distillation depends on the differences in boiling points
of the individual components. And also depends on the
vapour pressure characteristics of liquid mixtures.

Atmospheric pressure, P atm

For any
individual
within the
continuously

liquid, the
molecules
liquid are
in motion

A small percentage of
these molecules attain
enough kinetic energy
to leave the liquid phase

Vapor Pressure, P

This exerts an opposing

pressure
on
the
atmosphere above the
solution known as the
vapor pressure, P

When enough energy, in the form of heat, is

imparted to the solution the vapor
pressure
becomes
equal
to
the
atmospheric pressure and the liquid
begins to boil

P < P atm

P P atm

Raoults Law
In a solution of two miscible liquids (A & B) the partial
pressure of component A (PA) in the solution equals
the partial pressure of pure A (PAo) times its mole fraction
(NA)
Partial Pressure of A in solution = P A = (PAo) x (NA)
Partial Pressure of B in solution = PB = (PBo) x (NB)
When the total pressure (sum of the partial pressures) is
equal to or greater than the applied pressure, normally
Atmospheric Pressure (760 mm Hg), the solution boils
Ptotal = PA + PB
= PAo NA + PBo NB
If the sum of the two partial pressures of the two
compounds in a mixture is less than the applied pressure,
the mixture will not boil. The solution must be heated until
the combined vapor pressure equals the applied pressure

Vapor Enrichment

From Raoults Law we can obtain the following

relationships:
NAvapor = PA/PT

And
NBvapor = PB/PT

If A is more volatile than B, BPA < BPB and PA > PB

Then
NAvapor > NAliquid

The result of this process is that when a mixture of

two miscible liquids with different boiling points is
heated, the vapor will have a different composition
than the liquid. THE VAPOR IS ENRICHED IN THE
MORE VOLATILE (LOWER BOILING) COMPONENT.
COMPONENT

Types of Distillation
Simple

Distillation
Fractional Distillation
Vacuum Distillation
Azeotropic Distillation

Simple

Distillation
In Simple distillation the
only
one
chain
of
vaporization
and
condensation
takes
place.
Its only applicable if
difference
of
boiling
points is very large like
25-35`C.
It
is mostly use to
separate volatile liquid
from non-volatile liquids.
Its
difficult get pure
substance
only by
simple distillation.
Distillation of seawater.

Fractional
Distillation

It is another common
type of distillation.
It is used to separate
liquids
having
very
close boiling points.
It
requires
more
evaporation/condensati
on cycles
For fractional distillation
one
fractionating
column is introduced
between
flask
and
condenser. Each gap
works as one cycle
It is use in petro
chemical industry.

concentration

Vacuum

Distillation

Vacuum distillation is a method of

distillation whereby the pressure above
the liquid mixture to be distilled is
reduced to less than its vapor
pressure (usually less than atmospheric
pressure) causing evaporation of the
most volatile liquid(s) (those with the
lowest boiling points).
This distillation method works on the
principle that boiling occurs when the
vapor pressure of a liquid exceeds the
ambient pressure.
It is use for temperature sensitive
materials like oil industry.

Azeotropic
It

Distillation

is special type of distillation

which is specifically use for
azeotropic mixture.
They cant be distilled directly as
their liquid and vapour composition
are same.
In this some other component is
added to create new low boiling
azeotrope.
Which
creates
two
heterogeneous layers.
This can be easily distill.
In production of ethanol, to break
azeotrope of 96%ehanol and 4%
water benzene is added.

Some Other Distillation

Flash Distillation
Steam Distillation
Molecular Distillation
Air-sensitive vacuum distillation
Destructive Distillation
Pervaporation Distillation
Dry Distillation
Extractive Distillation
Freeze Distillation
Codistillation

Basic Distillation
A vertical shell where the
Equipments

separation of liquid

components is carried out

Column internals such as trays/plates and/or
packings which are used to enhance component
separations
A reboiler to provide the necessary vaporization for
the distillation process
A condenser to cool and condense the vapour leaving
the top of the column
A reflux drum to hold the condensed vapour from the
top of the column so that liquid (reflux) can be
recycled back to the column

Distillation Operation

In distillation column feed is introduced at the

middle of the column on feed tray which divides
the column in top and bottom section.

The feed slowly comes down in column where it

is collected in reboliler which converts feed in to
vapour.

Vapour is reintroduced in column from bottom

and liquid remain in reboiler is known as bottom.

Vapour moves upward in column and comes out

from top

It is then condensed by condenser and stored in

vessel. It is known as distillate.

Some of this condensate is again introduced

from top.It is known as reflux.

Thus, there areinternal flowsof vapour and

liquid within the column as well asexternal
flowsof feed and product streams, into and out
of the column.

Classification Of Column
Classification

Of Column

Continuous Column
Batch Column

Types

of Continues Column

Nature

of Feed

Binary Column
Multi Component Column

Column

Internals

Tray Column
Packed Column

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