Socialization

Socialization
The process by which people are
taught the values and behavior
expected of them in society.

The Process of Socialization

Primary Socialization
Secondary Socialization

 Primary Socialization
The process of socialization that takes
place between an individual and a
group of people with whom he has
close contact such as the family and
the peer group.
The Family
The Peer Group

 Secondary Socialization
The process of socialization that
usually occurs in more formal
situations, which are not so personal.
Schools
Mass Media

Agents of Socialization

Culture
The set of values and ways of acting
that mark a particular society.
Variations within the culture are
known as subcultures.
Culture is more powerful than
instinct.
It is learned through the socialization
process.

The Components of Culture

Beliefs
Values
Norms
Roles
Role conflict
Status

Socialization &Personality
The sum total of ways in which an
individual reacts to and interacts
with others.

Measuring Personality
Self-report surveys
Individuals evaluate themselves on a
series of factors
Observer-rating surveys

Personality Determinants
Heredity
physical stature, facial
attractiveness, gender,
temperament, muscle composition,
reflexes, energy level
Environment

 Personality Traits
Enduring characteristics that describe an
individuals behavior.
shy
aggressive
submissive
lazy
ambitious
loyal

The Myers-Briggs Type

Indicator
It is the most widely used personality
assessment instrument in the world.
It is a 100 question personality test that asks
people how they usually feel or act in particular
situations.
On the basis of the answers, individuals are
classified as:
Extraverted or Introverted
Sensing or Intuitive
Thinking or Feeling
Judging or Perceiving

 Extraverted (E) outgoing, social, assertive

Introverted (I) quiet, shy
Sensing (S) practical, prefer routine and order,
focus on details
Intuitive (N) rely on unconscious process
Thinking (T) use reason and logic to handle
problems
Feeling (F) rely on their personal values and
emotions
Judging (J) want control,
Perceiving (P) flexible and spontaneous

Extraverted Characteristics
Act first, think/reflect later
Feel deprived when cutoff from interaction with the outside world
Usually open to and motivated by outside world of people and
things
Enjoy wide variety and change in people relationships
Introverted Characteristics
Think/reflect first, then Act
Regularly require an amount of "private time" to recharge
batteries
Motivated internally, mind is sometimes so active it is "closed" to
outside world
Prefer one-to-one communication and relationships

Sensing Characteristics
Mentally live in the Now, attending to present opportunities
Using common sense and creating practical solutions
Memory recall is rich in detail of facts and past events
Best improvise from past experience
Like clear and concrete information; dislike guessing when facts
are "fuzzy"
Intuitive Characteristics
Mentally live in the Future, attending to future possibilities
Using imagination and creating/inventing new possibilities
Memory recall emphasizes patterns, contexts, and connections
Best improvise from theoretical understanding
Comfortable with ambiguous, fuzzy data and with guessing its
meaning.

Thinking Characteristics
Instinctively search for facts and logic in a decision situation.
Naturally notices tasks and work to be accomplished.
Easily able to provide an objective and critical analysis.
Accept conflict as a natural, normal part of relationships with
people.
Feeling Characteristics
Instinctively employ personal feelings and impact on people
in decision situations
Naturally sensitive to people needs and reactions.
Naturally seek consensus and popular opinions.
Unsettled by conflict; have almost a toxic reaction to
disharmony.

 Judging Characteristics
Plan many of the details in advance before moving into action.
Focus on task-related action; complete meaningful segments
before moving on.
Work best and avoid stress when able to keep ahead of deadlines.
Naturally use targets, dates and standard routines to manage life.
Perceiving Characteristics
Comfortable moving into action without a plan; plan on-the-go.
Like to multitask, have variety, mix work and play.
Naturally tolerant of time pressure; work best close to the
deadlines.
Instinctively avoid commitments which interfere with flexibility,
freedom and variety

The Big Five Personality

Model
A personality assessment model that
taps five basic dimensions.
The big five factors:
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Emotional Stability
Openness to Experience

 Extraversion A personality dimension

describing someone who is sociable,
gregarious and assertive.
Agreeableness A personality dimension
that describes someone who is good
natured, co-operative and trusting.
Conscientiousness A personality
dimension that describes someone who is
responsible, dependable and organized.

 Emotional Stability A personality

dimension that characterizes
someone as calm, self-confident,
secure (positive) versus nervous,
depressed and insecure (negative)
Openness to experience A
personality dimension that
characterizes someone in terms of
imagination, sensitivity and curiosity.

Other Personality Traits

Core Self-Evaluation
The degree to which an individual
likes or dislikes himself or herself
whether the person sees himself or
herself as capable and effective.
Positive core self-evaluation
Negative core self-evaluation

 Machiavellianism
The degree to which an individual is
pragmatic and maintains emotional
distance.

 Narcissism
The tendency to be arrogant and
have a sense of self-importance.

 Self-Monitoring
A personality trait that measures an
individuals ability to adjust his or her
behavior to external situational
factors.

 Risk Taking

 Type A Personality
Aggressive involvement in a chronic struggle
to achieve more and more in less and less
time.
They exhibit the following characteristics:
Are always moving, walking, and eating
rapidly
Feel impatient
Strive to think or do two or more things at
once

 Proactive Personality
People who identify opportunities,
show initiative, take action until
meaningful change occurs.