EROSIVE CAPACITY OF

WATER

Essential character of hydraulic action

close to flow boundaries
Practical methods for quantifying relative
erosive capacity
Investigation potential of scour and
scour extent

Boundary Flow Process

Boundary Flow Process

Near bed process instability of laminar

sublayer pressure fluctuations
Near bed process eddy formation
pressure fluctuations hairpin vortices
formation and breakup
Flow at the central part of hairpin causes
high pressure on the bed.
Turbulence production ~ eddy formation

Energy supply & expenditure has units of

power stream power
Available and applied stream power
Available stream power: power which
provide the impetus for water to flow
Applied stream power: power applied to
overcome resistance within water and its
boundaries.

Turbulent flow: turbulent kinetic energy

heat
Macro turbulence smaller eddies heat
( by viscous action).

Near bed region , y+ = 70

Viscous sublayer,0 y+ 5
Buffer sublayer, 5 y+ 70

Chien and Wan (1999): process of

energy conversion by viewing shear
stress, , acting on small element with
velocity, u.
Stream power was expressed in terms of
stream
d u
dupower
d per unit area, u.

u
dy

dy

dy

Available stream power

Gravity forces:dxdys
Force balance on the element:

dy dx dx dydxs 0

y

us
Multiply by u:u
y

Available power: P u
y

s 0
y

Applied Stream Power

Work done during dt = shear force x distance

du
d dxdudt 0 dydxdt ddxdudt 0
dy

Energy applied to overcome resistance in the

body of flow per unit volume per unit time:

Energy applied

Applied stream power, rate of energy

expenditure:

du

dy

du
P
dy

Velocity Distribution

Simplified form:
m

y
u uo
h
Uo = flow velocity at surface , m = 0.1
0.25

Available and applied stream power

distribution is different.

Energy Transmission
B

dy

d u du

u
y

C
dx

Ptransfer

d u

dy

P transfer: amount of stream power per unit volume of

water transmitted to the boundary from a depth of y
above the stream bed.

Integral approach:

Integral of available stream power w/

respect to y = integral of the applied
stream power
w/hrespect hto y
h

ud usdy du

0
h

0
h

usdy du 0

Integral of
d stream
u 0power transmission
curve: 0

Turbulence production in the near-bed

region

Dimensionless turbulence production in

near-bed region:
70

du

0 t dy dy u 7.853

t u
7.853
2
u u
u
u
t 7.853
w 7.853
gyS f
u
u

Relative Turbulence Production

vs. (y/ks)

Turbulent Flow

k s u
Smooth turbulent flow,
5
tu
7.853

gqs f
2 8

Re f
log
2.51

k s u
Rough turbulent flow, 70

tu
7.853
1
gqs f

2 8

12 y

log
ks

Transition, 5 k s u 70
tu
7.853

gqs f
2 8

k s 2.51
log
12 R Re f

Stilling Basin

q2
q2

E y1
y 2
2
2
2 gy1
2 gy 2
y2 1

1 8Fr12 1
y1 2

Pavailable q

E
L