Packet Switching, Layer

Models and Protocol Suites

01204325 Data
Communications and
Computer Networks
Asst. Prof. Chaiporn Jaikaeo, Ph.D.
chaiporn.j@ku.ac.th
http://www.cpe.ku.ac.th/~cpj
Computer Engineering Department
1
Kasetsart University,
Bangkok, Thailand

Outline

Circuit vs. packet switching

Layered tasks
Internet protocol suites
ISO's OSI model

End-to-End Communication

Direct communication

Most basic form of communication

TX
RX
GND

TX
RX
GND

Serial Port

Internet communication

Communication is performed over the Internet

Internet

Internet Comm. - App's

Viewpoint

Two network applications should

interact as if they were directly
connected
write
read
App

App
A

Internet

But what's going on underneath?

What is inside the "cloud"?

4

Circuit vs. Packet Switching

Dedicated circuits
Circuit switching

Telephone switches
establish circuits
for communication

Packet switching

Data are put into

packets
Each stamped with
source and destination
addresses
Routers know where to
forward packets

telephone
switch

Packet

Router

Layered Tasks

Computer networks are complex

systems

Tasks involve varieties of hardware and

software components, and protocols

Networking task is divided into

several subtasks, or layers

Real World Example

Communication between managers

of two companies

Communicate

What Actually Happens

Communication takes place thru many

layers
Logical communication

Secretary:
types a letter

Delivery boy:
drops the letter

Secretary:
reads and reports
the message

Delivery boy:
takes the letter

Postal truck
Post office:
Processes and routes the letter
9

Internet Layer Model

The Internet Protocol Stack

User
Application Layer

Software

Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer

Hardware

Transmission
Medium
12

Application Layer
Responsible
Responsible for
for providing
providing services
services to
to the
the user
user

The only layer to interact with user

Data

Application
Layer

SMTP

HTTP
Data

Data

Logical communication

FTP
H5

to Transport

SMTP

HTTP
Data

FTP
H5

from Transport

13

Transport Layer
Responsible
Responsible for
for delivery
delivery of
of aa message
message
from
from one
one process
process to
to another
another

Duties/services

Port addressing
Segmentation and reassembly
Connection control
Flow control (end-to-end)
Error control (end-to-end)

14

Transport Layer
Process

Process

Process

Process

PORT #

PORT #

Data
Transport
Layer

Data1 H4 Data2 H4 Data3 H4

Data
Data1 H4 Data2 H4 Data3 H4

(segments)

to Network

from Network

15

Network Layer
Responsible
Responsible for
for the
the delivery
delivery of
of packets
packets
from
from the
the original
original source
source to
to the
the destination
destination

Duties/services

Logical addressing
Routing

16

Network Layer
from Transport

Network
Layer

to Transport

Data

Data

Data
H3
(packet)

Data

to Data Link

H3

from Data Link

17

Network Layer
Data 1.1 5.7

1.1

1.1,
1.1,1.2,
1.2,6.1,
6.1,5.7,
5.7, ...
...are
arelogical
logicaladdresses
addresses

1.2

Network 1
R1

6.1

6.6

Network 6
6.3
R3

R2
Router

5.2

3.3

Network 5

5.7
3.8

Network 3

18

Data Link Layer

Responsible
Responsible for
for transmitting
transmitting frames
frames
from
from one
one node
node to
to the
thenext
next

Duties/services

Framing
Physical addressing
Flow control (hop-to-hop)
Error control (hop-to-hop)
Access control

19

Data Link Layer

from Network

to Network

Data
Data Link
Layer

T2

Data
(frame)

to Physical

Data
H2

T2

Data

H2

from Physical

20

Data Link Layer

A3,
A3,3B,
3B,82,
82,9F,
9F,...
...are
arephysical
physicaladdresses
addresses

Data
9F

T2

Data

3B

9F

82

A3

A3
H2

21

Data Link Layer

Data 1.15.7

1.1
97

1.2
32

Data 1.15.7 97 25

Network 1

25

R1

6.1

79

12

Network 6

Data 1.15.7 79 62

6.6

6.3

62
R3

R2

5.2

54

88

3.3

3.8

Network 3

Data 1.15.7 54 74

Network 5

5.7
74

22

Physical Layer
Responsible
Responsible for
for transmitting
transmitting individual
individual bits
bits
from
from one
one node
node to
to the
thenext
next

Duties/services

Physical characteristics of
interfaces and media
Representation of bits
Data rate (transmission rate)
Synchronization of bits

23

Physical Layer
from Data Link

Physical
Layer

to Data Link

Data

Data

01001011
(bits)

01001011

Transmission medium

24

The Big Picture

L5 data

H5

L4 data
L3 data
T2

L2 data

H4
H3
H2

0111011010101001010101001 1

L5 data

H5

L4 data
L3 data
T2

L2 data

H4
H3
H2

1 0111010101010010101010101

Transmission medium
25

Internet Model
sender

Applicati
on
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical

router
router

Network
D.L D.L
.
.
P.L. P.L.

Transmission medium

receiver

Network
D.L D.L
.
.
P.L. P.L.

Applicati
on
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
26

Internet Model

27

Protocol Suites

A set of protocols must be

constructed

to ensure that the resulting

communication system is complete and
efficient

Each protocol should handle a part of

communication not handled by other
protocols
How can we guarantee that protocols
work well together?

Instead of creating each protocol28 in

28

Internet Protocol Suite

Layer

Protocols

Application

HTTP, FTP, Telnet, SMTP, ...

Transport

TCP, UDP, SCTP, ...

Network
Data Link

IP (IPv4), IPv6, ICMP,

IGMP, ...
Ethernet, Wi-Fi, PPP, ...

Physical

RS-232, DSL, 10Base-T, ...

29

OSI Model
User
7.Application Layer
6.Presentation
Layer
5.Session Layer
4.Transport Layer
3.Network Layer
2.Data Link Layer
1.Physical Layer
Transmission
Medium

OSI Open Systems

Interconnection
Developed by the International
Standards Organizations (ISO)

Two additional layers

Presentation layer
Session layer
30

Session Layer
Responsible
Responsible for
for establishing,
establishing, managing
managing and
and
terminating
terminating connections
connections between
between applications
applications

Duties/services

Interaction management
Simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex

Session recovery

31

Presentation Layer
Responsible
Responsible for
for handling
handling differences
differences in
in
data
data representation
representationto
to applications
applications

Duties/services

Data translation
Encryption
Decryption
Compression

32