caustic
corrosive
fuming
sour
soapy
dangerous
harmful
toxic
slippery
edible
bitter
Common Weak
Bases
ammonia
NH3
trimethyl ammonia
N(CH3)3
pyridine
C5 H 5 N
ammonium hydroxide
NH4OH
water
H2 O
HS- ion
HS-
HI
Oxyacids of halogens
HClO3 HBrO3 HIO3
HClO4 HBrO4 HIO4
Other oxyacids
H2SO4 HNO3
A reaction between an
acid and a base is
called neutralization.
An acid-base mixture
is not as acidic or
basic as the individual
starting solutions.
Concentration of
solution
Definition of terms
Standard solution is a chemical term
which describes a solution of known
concentration.
Concentration
1. Mass conc ( conc. In gdm-3 ) :Mass
(in grams) of a substance dissolved in
1dm-3 of solution.
*Mathematically,
Mass(
g)
Vol(d
m3)
Definition of terms
2.Molar Conc (conc in moldm-3 ):
amount of substance (in moles)
present in 1dm3 of solution.
*Mathematically,
Molar conc =
Amount, n (mol)
Volume, V(dm3)
Volumetric apparatus
Conical flask
Pipette
Burette
beaker
Now lets do it
Using formular
Molar conc = amnt (mol)
Vol(dm3)
Mole = mass/Mm
= 1.12/56 = 0.020mol
Vol (dm3) = 250/1000
= 0.250dm3
Molar conc. = 0.020
0.250
= 0.080 mol/dm3
Calculate the vol. of a 12.0moldm-3 HCl that should be diluted with distilled
water to obtain 1.0dm3 of a 0.05moldm-3 HCl.
Solve.
C1 = 12moldm-3, V1 = ?
C2 = 0.05moldm-3 , V2 = 1.0dm3
Try this !
Example
1. 20cm3 of tetraoxosulphate (vi) acid was neutralized with 25cm 3 of
0.1mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution. The equation of reaction is
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Calculate (i) conc. of acid in moldm -3 (ii) mass conc. of the acid.
[H=1, S= 32, O=16]
Exercise
If 18.50cm3 hydrochloric acid were neutralized by 25 cm 3 of
potassium hydroxide solution containing 7gdm -3. What is
the conc. of the acid in mol dm -3?
The equation of reaction:
HCl + KOH HCl + H2O
[K = 39, O = 16, H = 1]
Ostwald s Theory
General
Many indicators are weak acids and partially dissociate in aqueous solution
HIn(aq)
H+(aq) + In(aq)
The un-ionised form (HIn) is a different colour to the anionic form (In).
In acid - increase of [H+]
- equilibrium moves to the left to give red undissociated form
In alkali - increase of [OH]
- OH ions remove H+ ions to form water;
H+(aq) + OH(aq)
Summary
In acidic solution
HIn(aq)
H+(aq) + In(aq)
In alkaline solution
H2O(l)
Quinonoid theory
Benzenoid form(colorless)
Application of Titration
curve
Application of Titration
curve
Such curves are useful for
determining endpoints and
dissociation constants of
weak acids or bases.