SUBMITTED BY:
KAUMOODI
VIDHIKA
LIPI
ASTHA
SAUMYA S.
KRITIKA
PRANJUA
SMRITI
1
CONTENTS
HISTORY
DRILLING & BLASTING
USES
2. TYPES
3. LIMITATIONS
1.
TUNNELLING
RIVETING & BOLTING
WELDING MACHINES
1.
2.
3.
4.
ARC WELDERS
MIG WELDERS
PLASMA WELDERS
SAFETY MEASURES
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CONCRETE VIBRATORS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
USES
ADVANTAGES
LIMITATIONS
TYPES
POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED
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INTRODUCTION
Drilling - Before rock is excavated, it is
Necessary to loosen it. In the case of hard rocks
this loosening is done by drilling the holes, filling
these with explosives and discharging the
explosives.
COMPONENTS-
Jack hammer
Piston driller
Wagon mounted drill
Diamond drill
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TYPES OF DRILLS :
Jack Hammers-
A jackhammer is an
electromechanical tool that
combines a hammer directly
with a chisel.
It operates by driving an
internal hammer up and
down.
The effectiveness is
dependent on how much
force is applied to the tool.
USES
A jackhammer is used for
the follwing :
drillrock,
break uppavement
Drill walls
Underground coal
mines for safety
concerns
LIMITATION
The sound of the hammer
blows, combined with the
explosive air exhaust, makes
pneumatic jackhammers
dangerously loud, emitting
100decibelsat
two meters.
SOURCE:www.brightthuengineering.com
LIMITATION
Piston drills
TYPES OF EXPLOSIVES-
PRECAUTION IN BLASTING
Failure of explosion
Line of Least Resistance
Needle and tamper
Notice of blasting
Retreat distance
Seepage of water
Skilled supervision
Precautions during transportation
Precautions during firing
Dynamite
Ammonium nitrate
Sturry
ANFO
Rapid detonating
explosive (RDX)
PROCEDURE
WHAT IS TUNNELLING
A tunnel is an underground
or underwater passageway,
dug through the surrounding
soil/earth/rock and enclosed
except for entrance and
exit, commonly at each end.
A pipeline is not a tunnel,
though some recent tunnels
have used immersed tube
construction techniques
rather than traditional
tunnel boring methods.
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Transportation of People
Conveyance of Materials
Utility Corridors
Disposal of Waste
Military Defence.
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HISTORY OF TUNNELLING
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PROCESS OF TUNNELLING
MUCKING is clearing
concrete mixture
sprayed from special
guns over steel
reinforcements in
light constructions.
ROCK BOLT is a long
Rules of Thumb
1. Minimum ground cover over crown
of tunnel ~ 1 diameter
2. Minimum Separation of bored twin
tunnels ~ diameter
3. Minimum radius of horizontal
curvature ~ 15 diameters
4. Maximum vertical grade ~ 10%
5. Maximum external water pressure
on a TBM ~ 7 bar (100psi)
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TYPES OF EXCAVATION
METHOD
CONVENTIONAL METHOD
TUNNEL BORING MACHINES (T.B.M.)
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CONVENTIONAL METHOD
It means the construction of underground openings of any shape with a cyclical
construction process comprising:
Excavation, using drilling and blasting or any mechanical excavators other
than TBMs.
Mucking
Placement primary support elements such as steel ribs or lattice girders,
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Riveted Connections
bolted connection.
ELECTRIC HAND TOOLS
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Installation
Heating of the rivet
Inserting it to an oversize hole pressure to the head.
Squeezing the plain End by Pneumatic driver Round head.
On Cooling Reduces in
LengthClamping Force
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Bolted Connections
Fastened Together primarily by Bolts.
Bolts may be loaded in:
Tension
Shear
Both Tension & Shear
Threads of bolts under shear force:
Excluded Included -
Increased strength
Decreased strength.
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Types Of Bolts
Bearing type bolts
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often referred to as
1.
Black Bolts
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2. Turned Bolts
Similar to unfinished bolts.
Shanks - Hexagonal Rods
Primarily - Light structures under static load such as small
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3. Ribbed Bolts
Round head similar to Rivets.
Raised ribs parallel to the shank.
Actual Diameter - slightly Larger than the hole
Tightly fit into the hole.
Popular - Economical in Material &
Installation
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Advantages
1. The bolting operation is very silent
2. Bolting is a cold process hence there is no risk of fire
3. Bolting operation is more quicker than riveting.
4. Less man power is required in making the connections.
Disadvantages
1. If subjected to vibratory loads, results in reduction in
strength get loosened.
2. Unfinished bolts have lesser strength because of non
uniform diameter
ELECTRIC HAND TOOLS
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WELDING MACHINES
Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually
www.harborfreight.com/welding.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding
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ARC WELDERS
Arc welding is a type of welding that
used outdoors.
2. It can work on mild and low alloy steel.
3. It is convenient for construction,
Structural welding and repair works.
4. It uses electrodes.
Limitations:
1. It cannot be used for indoor works.
2. It cannot work on aluminium and
stainless steel.
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SOURCE:
http://
www.harborfreight.com/welding/arc-welders.h
tml
https://www.machinemart.co.uk/c/diy-arc-weld
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MIG WELDERS
Metal Inert Gas (MIG) Welding is an
3.
4.
5.
maintenance.
It can work on metals and alloys such
as aluminium, copper, stainless steel,
mild steel etc.
It uses solid inert wire for welding.
It provides cleaner and faster welds.
It provides better weld pool visibility.
Limitations:
1. The equipment is expensive.
2. It is not portable.
3. It cannot be used for outdoor welding.
4. It is unsuitable for thick metal welds.
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SOURCE:
http://mechteacher.com/metal-inert-gas-weldi
ng
/
http://
www.harborfreight.com/welding/mig-flux-weld
ers/90-amp-ac-120-volt-flux-cored-welder-61
849.html
http://
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disadvantages.php
PLASMA WELDERS
Plasma welding is a process similar to gas
Features:
31
SAFETY MEASURES
Keep the machine away from water and damp objects.
The machinery needs to be protected from weather and harsh
conditions.
The machine has to be kept away from fire.
The person using the machine must have proper eye and face
protection.
Use of welding helmets with filter plates.
Appropriate and protective clothing for welding process.
Change of room air as often as necessary to prevent welders and
other workers from breathing high levels of airborne contaminants.
Prohibited areas for welding include:
Areas
2. Areas
3. Areas
4. Areas
1.
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unauthorized by management
where sprinklers are impaired
in explosive atmospheres
near storage of large quantities of
readily ignitable materials
SOURCE:
https://
www.grainger.com/content/QT-WS-welding-saf
ety-109
http://
www.harborfreight.com/welding/arc-welders/7
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3.
4.
5.
Limitations:
33
SOURCE:
http://
www.toppstiles.co.uk/tprod46906/electric-cut
ter-650w.html
https://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_tile_cutter
http://uk.tools4pro.com/blog/tile-cutter-manuel
-vs-electric
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FLOOR POLISHER
A floor polisher is similar to a
Limitations:
1.
34
SOURCE:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_buffer
http://
www.granitepolishing.in/stone-cleaning/floor-p
olishing.html
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Limitations:
35
SOURCE:
http://
www.harborfreight.com/2-in-1-flooring-air-nai
lerstapler-61689.html
http://
www.ehow.com/about_5336582_manual-vs-pneu
matic-floor-nailer.html
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CONCRETE VIBRATORS
USES
INTRODUCTION
A concrete vibrator is a construction
ELECTRIC
HAND
TOOLS
gradually
to avoid the
formation
of
SOURCE:http://previews.123rf.com/images/nizamkem/nizamkem1503/nizam
kem150300107/37609434-Construction-workers-using-a-concrete-vibrator-ata-construction-site-in-Selangor-Malaysia-Concrete--Stock-Photo.jpg
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CONCRETE VIBRATORS
ADVANTAGES
Helps to keep the concrete strong .
Helps to provide a smooth finish even
material
Easy to use
Portable as compared to other
machines
SOURCE:http://thumb1.shutterstock.com/display_pic_with_logo/952036/3757419
70/stock-photo-cyberjaya-malaysia-august-a-construction-worker-using-a-concretevibrator-at-a-375741970.jpg
Maintenance is low
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CONCRETE VIBRATORS
LIMITATIONS
The tool should never be dragged
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CONCRETE VIBRATORS
TYPES OF CONCRETE VIBRATORS
1. NEEDLE VIBRATORS
VIBRATORS
2. SHUTTER VIBRATORS
TABLE
3. SURFACE
4. VIBRATING
2. SHUTTER VIBRATORS
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POINTS TO CONSIDER
The formwork should be strong and tight so that there is no leakage of mortar.
The concrete should be laid in layers of thickness 15 cm to 60 cm. in order to avoid
the vibrator should be withdrawn when the mortar just appears at the surface.
The surface should neither be honey combed nor it should contain excess mortar.
The vibrator should not touch the surface of the formwork so that it may not be
damaged.
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