MOMENT OF MOMENTUM EQUATION OR ANGULAR

MOMENTUM EQUATION

Torque - moment of a force w.r.t an axis is

important in engg problems
Moment of a linear
momentum with
each particle of fluid

Moment of resultant
forces acting on each
particle of fluid

Newtons second law of motion to a particle of fluid

D
VV F particle
Dt
V particle velocity measured in an inertial reference
system

V - density of the fluid particle

F particle - infinitesimally small particle volume

- resultant external forces acting on

1
the particle

D
VV r F particle
r
Dt

r is the position vector from the origin of the inertial

coordinate
system
D
Dr
D VV

Dt

r V V
Dr
V
Dt

Dt

VV r

V V 0

Dt

Dr

VV 0
Dt

DVV D
r V V
r

Dt
Dt

D
r V V r F particle
Dt
Above equation is valid for every particle of a system. For a
system (collection of fluid particles), we need2to use the sum
of both side

sys

D
r V V
Dt

r F sys

r F particle r F sys

where

D
Dt

r V V

sys

D
Dt

sys

D
r V V
Dt

r V V r F sys

sys

Time rate of change of

moment of momentum
of the system

Sum of the external

torques acting on the
system
3

For a control volume that is instantaneously coincident with

the system, the torques acting on the system and on the
control volume contents are identical

r F sys r F cv

D
Dt

sys

r V dV
t

r V dV

cv

dA

V
.
n

cs

Net
rate
of
Time
rate
of
Time
rate
of
flow
of
the
of + moment
change of moment = change
of
moment
of
of momentum of
momentum
momentum
of
the system
through
the
the contents of
control surface
For a fixed and non-deforming
control
CV
volume

dA r F contents of

d
V

V
.
n

cv

the
control volume

cs

APPLICATION OF THE MOMENT OF MOMENTUM

1.
Flows
are EQUATION
one-dimensional
(uniform
distributions of average velocity at any section)
2.

Steady flows or steady-in-the-mean cyclical

flows

d
V

cv

dA r F contents of

V
.
n

cs

the
control volume

90o

r V = r V sin(-90o) = - r
V
V

90o

90o

r
90o

r V = - r V
V

In both the cases, the right hand rule application makes the
thumb point into the paper plane
8

 r V V .n dA

cs

r V V .n dA

V .n dA
Flow into the control volume is
negative
Flow out of the control volume is
positive
r2V 2 m out zero m in

cs

Water enters the control volume axially, at this portion

r V 0

r V V .n dA r V m
2 2

out

cs

of the Tshaft
r F contents
control volume

We have taken Tshaft as a positive quantity. This is equivalent

to assuming that Tshaft is in the same direction as rotation

r2V 2 m Tshaft
Tshaft - being a negative quantity means that the shaft torque
opposes the rotation of the sprinkler arms
Tshaft, - shaft torque opposes rotation in all turbine devices

W shaft Tshaft r2V 2 m

W shaft U 2V 2 m
Negative shaft work is work out of the control volume
work is done by the fluid on the rotor and thus its shaft
10

i.e.,

Moment of momentum equation for a more general one

dimensional flow through a rotating machine

Tshaft m in rin V in m out rout V out

U and V - same direction; r V is POSITIVE

U and V - opposite direction; r V is NEGATIVE
Tshaft is positive if Tshaft is in the same direction as

W shaft Tshaft m in rin V in m out rout V out

in U in V in m
out U out V out
W shaft Tshaft m
W shaft
W shaft

is positive, power is into the control volume PUMP

is negative , power is out of the control volume TURBINE

m in m out m

CONSERVATION11OF MASS

Direction of rotation

90o

r
r V = r V sin(-90o) = - r
V
V

90o

U and V - opposite direction; r V is NEGATIVE

Direction of rotation
90o
r

r
o
r V = r V sin(-90o) = + r 90
V
V

U and V - same direction; r V is POSITIVE

12

Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at the

steady rate of 60 lpm as sketched in Fig. The exit area of
each of the two nozzles is 30 mm2,and the flow leaving each
nozzle is in the tangential direction. The radius from the axis
of rotation to the centerline of each nozzle is 200 mm.
(a) Determine the frictional torque associated with the
sprinkler rotating with a constant speed of 500 rpm.
(c) Determine the speed of the sprinkler if no frictional
torque is applied.

13

DBsys
Dt

bdV bW ndA
t cv
cs

DM sys
Dt

dV W ndA

t cv
cs

W ndA

cs

W ndA

m in AW 2 0

cs

m in Q in
W2

A
A

60 10 3
16.7 m / s
6
60 2 30 10

W2 16.7m / s
14

V2 V 2 W2 U 2
V 2 16.7 10.5
V 2 6.2 m / s

Tshaft r2V 2 m
m

Tshaft 0.2 6.2 1

Tshaft 1.24 N .m

U 2 r2

2N
2 500
0.2 10.5 m / s
r2
60
60
3

10
m Q in 1000 60
1.0 kg / s
60

When the sprinkler rotates at

the
constant
speed,
the
friction
torque
at
the
sprinkler pivot just balances
the torque generated
15
by the
angular momentum of the

The speed of the sprinkler if no frictional torque is applied.

Tshaft r2V 2 m
Tshaft r2 m W2 U 2
0 r2 m W2 U 2
W2 U 2
16.7
16.7 r2 0.2
83.5 rad / s
0.2
2N

8.35 rad / s N 797 rpm

60
N 797 rpm
16

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS THE ENERGY

EQNrate of
Net time rate of
Net time rate of
Time
increase of the
total stored
energy of the
D
system

Dt

= energy addition
by heat transfer
into the system

+ energy addition
by work transfer
into the system

e dV Q net in W net in
system

sys

e total energy stored per unit mass for each particle in

the system
V2

eu

gz

u internal energy per unit mass for each particle in

the system
V2/2 kinetic energy per unit mass
Work and heat
gz potential energy per unit mass
Q net in Net rate of heat transfer into the +
is into the
system
system
W net in
Net rate of work transfer into the system
17
- is coming out

D
Dt

dV

d
V

n
dA

W
net
in
net in
sys
cs
t cv

Time rate of
increase of the
total stored
energy of the
system

cv

time rate of increase

Net time rate of
total
stored
energy addition
= of
energy
of
the + by
work
contents
of
the
transfer
into
control volume
the system

W net in

W in

W out

When the control surface cuts through the shaft material, the
shaft torque is exerted by shaft material at the control
surface

W shaft Tshaft

18

Normal stress = - p
Power transferred due to fluid normal
stresses
W normal V .n dA p V .n dA
st ress
cs
cs

19

cv

Steady flow

e dV
t

cv

in

cs

cs

net in

pV .n dA

cs

V2
eu
gz
2

p V2
u
gz V ndA Q net W shaft

2
in
net in

2
2
2

p
V
p
V
p
V
u

gz V ndA
u
gz m
u
gz m

flow
flow
cs

e dV e V ndA Q net W shaft

out

in

If there is only one stream entering and leaving the

control volume
2
2
2

p
V
p
V
p
V
u

gz V ndA u
gz
m out u
gz m in

2
2
2

in
cs
out

Substituting this in eqn A

20

Vout
Vin2
p
p
uout uin

g z out z in Q net W net

2
out in
in
in

One Dimensional Energy Equation For Steady Flow

Applicable for Compressible And Incompressible
Flow
p
Enthalpy
hu

Vout
Vin2
hout hin
g z out z in Q net W net

2
in
in

Flow is steady throughout, one dimensional, only one fluid

stream is involved, then the shaft work is zero
m

p
p
Vout
Vin2
uout uin

g zout z in Q net

2
out in
in

21

Steam enters a turbine with a velocity of 30 m/s and

enthalpy, of
3348 kJ/kg (see fig). The steam leaves the
turbine as a mixture of vapor and liquid having a velocity of
60 m/s and an enthalpy of 2550 kJ/kg. If the flow through the
turbine is adiabatic and changes in elevation are negligible,
determine the work output involved per unit mass of steam
through-flow.

m h2 h1

V22

V12
2

g z 2 z1

Adiabatic
Q netflow
W net
in 22
in

W net
w shaft
net in

in

V22 V12
h2 h1
2

w shaft net out w shaft net in

V12 V22
w shaft net out h1 h2
2
30 2 60 2
w shaft net out 3348 2550
2 1000
w shaft net out 3348 kJ / kg 2550 kJ / kg 1.35 kJ / kg

w shaft net out 797 kJ / kg

23

Comparison of the Energy Equation and Bernoulli

Equation
One dimensional steady flow energy equation
2
2

V
p
p
out
in
m uout uin

g zout z in Q net

2
out in
in

INCOMPRESSIBLE
FLOW
2
2

p
p
V

V
out
in
out
in

m uout uin

g zout z in Q net

2
in

pout
Vout
pin Vin2

gzout

gz in uout uin q net

2
in

2
pout
Vout
pin Vin2

gzout

gz in

uout uin q net in 0

uout uin q net in 0

Heat transfer
per unit mass
Q
q net
in

net
in

Bernoullis equation

Steady and Incompressible flow is

frictionless
Steady,Incompressible 24flow with
friction

V2

gz

USEFUL OR AVAILABLE ENERGY

uout uin q net in Loss

Loss of useful or available

energy that occurs in an
incompressible fluid flow
because of friction

2
pout
Vout
pin Vin2

gzout

gzin loss

25

ONE DIMENSIONAL, INCOMPRESSIBLE, STEADY FLOW

WITH FRICTION AND SHAFT WORK

pout pin Vout

Vin2
uout uin

g zout zin Q net W net

2
in
in

pout
Vout
pin Vin2

gzout

gzin w shaft uout uin q net

2
net in
in
2
pout
Vout
pin Vin2

gzout

gzin w shaft loss

2
net in

Pump when the shaft work is into the control volume large
amount of loss will result in more shaft work being required
for the same rise in available energy
Turbine when the shaft work is out of the control volume
larger loss will result in less shaft work out for
the same drop
26
in available energy

2
pout
Vout
pin Vin2

zout

gzin
g
2g
g
2g

W shaft

W shaft

Loss

m g

net in

m g

2
p

Vout
Vin2
out
in

z out

gz in

g
2
g

g
2
g

net in

m g

PUMP

Loss
m g

out
in

z out

gz in

g
2
g

g
2
g

W shaft
2
Vout

Vin2

net in

W shaft

net in

m g
W shaft

net in

m g

m g
27

Loss
m g

2
pout
Vout
pin Vin2

zout

gzin
g
2g
g
2g

W shaft

net in

m g

Loss

m g

W shaft

net OUT

m g
2
2
p

in Vin gz pout Vout z

in
out
2g
2g
g

TURBINE

Loss
m g

W shaft

W shaft

net OUT

m g

2
pin Vin2

pout

Vout

gz in

zout

2g
2g
g

net OUT

m g
W shaft

net OUT

m g
28

LOSS

m g

A pump delivers water at a steady rate of 1135 lpm as shown

in Fig. Just upstream of the pump [section (1)] where the
pipe diameter is 90 mm, the pressure is 1.24 bar. Just
downstream of the pump [section (2)] where the pipe
diameter is 25 mm, the pressure is 4 bar . The change in
water elevation across the pump is zero. The rise in internal
energy of water, associated with a temperature rise across
the pump is 280 J/kg. If the pumping process is considered to
be adiabatic, determine the power (hp) required by the
pump.
D2 = 25
mm

D1 =
90
mm

P1 = 1.24
bar

Q = 1135
lpm

P2 = 4.0
bar
280 J/kg

29

D2 = 25
mm
D1 =
90
mm

Q = 1135
lpm

P2 = 4.0
bar

P1 = 1.24
bar

280 J/kg

out
in

z out

gz in

g
2
g

g
2
g

W shaft
2
Vout

Vin2

net in

m g

W shaft

net in

m g
W shaft

net in

30

m g

Loss
m g

3
3
1135

10
m

3
Q 1135 lpm
18.92 10
60
s

Q
Q
18.92 10 3
m
V1

2.974
2
A1 2
s
D1
90 10 3
4
4

Q
Q
18.92 10 3
m
V2

38.54
2
A2 2
s
D2
25 10 3
4
4

W shaft

38.54
2.974
4 10
1.24 10
280
net in

zout

z in

1000 9.81
2 9.81
1000 9.81
2 9.81
m g
m g
5

40.78 75.71 12.64 0.451

W shaft

net in

m g

280
m g
31

103.4

W shaft 280
net in

m g

W shaft 103.4 m g 280

net in

W shaft 103.4 18.91 9.81 280

net in

W shaft 19181.25 280

net in

W shaft 19461.25 W
net in

1 HP 745.7 W

W shaft 26.1 HP
net in

32

An axial-flow ventilating fan driven by a motor that delivers

0.4 kW of power to the fan blades produces a 0.6-m-diameter
axial stream of air having a speed of 12 m/s. The flow
upstream of the fan involves negligible speed. Determine
how much of the work to the air actually produces a useful
effect, that is, a rise in available energy and estimate the
fluid mechanical efficiency of this fan.

33

2
2
p

V
V
2
2
1
1

w shaft loss

gz 2

gz1

2
2
net in

Atmospheric pressure

2
2
p

V
V
2
2
1
1

w shaft loss

gz 2

gz1

2
2
net in

zero

V22 12 2
w shaft loss

72 N .m / kg
2
2
net in
w shaft loss

net in

w shaft

net in

w shaft loss
net in

w shaft loss

72
0.4 1000

net in

W shaft net in
W shaft net in
m
AV

72

0.752
95.8

0.6 2
1.225
12
4
34

2
pout
Vout
pin Vin2

gzout

gzin w shaft loss

2
net in
2
Vout
Vin2
pout
g zout pin
g zin w shaft loss
2
2
net in

g is the specific weight of the fluid. Each term involves the

energy per unit volume
2
pout
Vout
pin Vin2

zout

zin hs hL

hs

2g

w shaft net in
g

W shaft

net in

2g

Loss
hL
g

m g
Turbine head; hT = - (hs+ hL)T;

Actual head drop across the turbine = work head out of the
turbine + head loss in the turbine
Pump; hP = (hs- hL)P;
Actual head rise across the pump = shaft work
35 head into the
pump head loss within the pump