Sampling Theory
Chapter 5
Theory & Problems of
Probability & Statistics
Murray R. Spiegel
5-2
Outline Chapter 5
Population X
mean and variance - , 2
Sample
mean and variance X, ^s2
Sample Statistics
X mean and variance x, x
2
s
s
^s mean and variance
2
5-3
Outline Chapter 5
Distributions
Population
Samples Statistics
Mean
Proportions
Differences and Sums
Variances
Ratios of Variances
5-4
Outline Chapter 5
Other ways to organize samples
Frequency Distributions
Relative Frequency Distributions
Computation Statistics for Grouped Data
mean
variance
standard deviation
5-5
Population Parameters
A population - random variable X
probability distribution (function) f(x)
probability function
- discrete variable f(x)
density function
- continuous variable
f(x) function of several parameters, i.e.:
mean: ,
variance: 2
want to know parameters for each f(x)
5-6
Example of a Population
5 project engineers in department
total experience of (X) 2, 3, 6, 8, 11 years
company performing statistical report
employees expertise based on experience
survey must include:
average experience
variance
standard deviation
5-7
Mean of Population
average experience mean:
2 3 6 8 11 30
6 years
5
5
5-8
Variance of Population
(x i )
variance:
2
2
2
2
2
(
2
6
)
(
3
6
)
(
6
6
)
(
8
6
)
(
11
6
)
2
5
16 9 0 4 25
10.8
5
2
5-9
s.d .
2
s.d . 10.8
10.8 3.29
5-10
Sample Statistics
What if dont have whole population
Take random samples from population
estimate population parameters
make inferences
lets see how
How much experience in company
hire for feasibility study
performance study
5-11
Sampling Example
manager assigns engineers at random
each time chooses first engineer she sees
same engineer could do both
lets say she picks (2,2)
mean of sample X= (2+2)/2 = 2
you want to make inferences about true
5-12
Samples of 2
replacement she will go to project department twice
pick engineer randomly
potentially 25 possible teams
25 samples of size two
5 * 5 = 25
order matters (6, 11) is different from (11, 6)
5-13
Population of Samples
All possible combinations are:
(2,2)
(2,3)
(2,6)
(2,8)
(2,11)
(3,2)
(3,3)
(3,6)
(3,8)
(3,11)
(6,2)
(6,3)
(6,6)
(6,8)
(6,11)
(8,2)
(8,3)
(8,6)
(8,8)
(8,11)
(11,2)
(11,3)
(11,6)
(11,8)
(11,11)
5-14
Population of Averages
Average experience or sample means are: Xi
(2)
(2.5)
(3)
(5)
(6.5)
(2.5)
(3)
(4.5)
(5.5)
(7)
(3)
(4.5)
(6)
(7)
(8.5)
(5)
(5.5)
(7)
(8)
(9.5)
(6.5)
(7)
(8.5)
(9.5)
(11)
5-15
6
25
25
This confirms theorem that states:
E( X ) X 6
5-16
(2.5-6)2
(2.5-6)2 (3-6)2
(3-6)2
(5-6)2
(4.5-6)2 (5.5-6)2
(6.5-6)2
(7-6)2
(3-6 )
(4.5-6)2 (6-6)2
(7-6)2
(8.5-6)2
(5-6 )2
(5.5-6)2 (7-6)2
(8-6)2
(9.5-6)2
(6.5-6 )2 (7-6)2
5-17
12.25
0.25
12.25
2.25
0.25
2.25
6.25
0.25
12.25
0.25
6.25
12.25
25
5-18
variance is:
2
(
X
X
)
135
2
i
X
5. 4
n
25
X 5.4 2.32
5-19
2
X
10.8
5.40
n
2
2
2
X
5-20
Math Proof
X mean
X = X1 + X2 + X 3 + . . . Xn
n
E( X) = E(X1) + E(X2)+ E(X3) + . . . E(Xn)
n
E( X) = + + + . . .
n
E( X) =
5-21
Math Proof
X variance
X = X1 + X2 + X 3 + . . . Xn
n
Var( X) = 2 x = 2x + 2x + 2x + . . . 2x
n2
=
5-22
5!/(2!)(5-2)! = 10
5-23
(2,6)
(5)
(6.5) (4.5)
(5.5) (7)
(7)
(8.5) (9.5)
5-24
4.05
2
2
X
10
(Xi X)
X
4.05 2.01
2
2
X
5-25
Theorems on Sampling
Distributions with No Replacements
1.
X 6
2.
N n 10.8 5 2 10.8 3
2
X
4.05
n N 1
2 5 1
2 4
5-26
Sum Up Theorems on
Sampling Distributions
Theorem I:
Expected values sample mean = population mean
E( X ) = x =
: mean of population
Theorem II:
infinite population or sampling with replacement
variance of sample is
E[( X- )2] = x2 = 2/n
2: variance of population
5-27
Theorems on Sampling
Distributions
Theorem III: population size is N
sampling with no replacement
sample size is n
then sample variance is:
2
N n
2
x
n N 1
5-28
Theorems on Sampling
Distributions
Theorem IV: population normally distributed
mean , variance 2
then sample mean normally distributed
mean , variance 2/n
X
Z
N( 0,1)
5-29
Theorems on Sampling
Distributions
Theorem V:
samples are taken from distribution
mean , variance 2
(not necessarily normal distributed)
standardized variables
X
Z
n
asymptotically normal
5-30
Sampling Distribution of
Proportions
Population properties:
* Infinite
* Binomially Distributed
( p success; q=1-p fail)
Consider all possible samples of size n
statistic for each sample
= proportion P of success
5-31
Sampling Distribution
of Proportions
Sampling distribution of proportions of:
mean:
P p
std. deviation:
pq
p(1 p )
n
5-32
Sampling Distribution of
Proportions
large values of n (n>30)
sample distribution for P
approximates normal distribution
finite population sample without replacing
standardized P is
Pp
Z
pq
n
5-33
Example Proportions
Oil service company
explores for oil
according to geological department
37% chances of finding oil
drill 150 wells
P(0.4<P<0.6)=?
5-34
Example Proportions
P(0.4<P<0.6)=?
Pp
Z
pq
n
P(0.4-0.37
< P-.37 < 0.6-0.37)
=?
(.37*.63/150).5 (pq/n).5 (.37*.63/150).5
5-35
Example Proportions
P(0.4<P<0.6)=P(0.24<Z<1.84)
=normsdist(1.84)-normsdist(0.24)= 0.372
5-36
Sampling Distribution of
Sums & Differences
Suppose we have two populations.
Population
XA XB
Sample of size nA
nB
Compute statistic
SA
SB
SA
variance:
SB
SA2
SB2
5-37
S = SA +/- SB
variance:
S2 = SA2 + SB2
5-38
Sampling Distribution of
Sums and Differences
two populations XA and XB
SA= XA and SB = XB sample means
mean:
XA+XB = XA + XB = A + B
variance:
2
XA X B
nA nB
2
A
2
B
5-39
5-40
Population Means
Average oil field size of company A:
300 700
XA
500
2
Average oil field size of company B:
XB
500 1100
800
2
5-41
Population Variances
Company A - two oil fields
production XA: 300, 700 million barrels
Company B two oil fields
production XB: 500, 1100 million barrels
XA2 = (300 500)2 + (700 500)2/2 = 40,000
XB2 = (500 800)2 + (1100 800)2/2 = 90,000
5-42
XBi
{300, 500}
{300, 1100}
{700, 500}
{700, 1100}
5-43
XBi
{300, 500}
{300, 1100}
{700, 500}
{700, 1100}
Then for each of the 4 possibilities
4 choices year 1, four choices year 2 = 4*4 samples
5-44
XAi
300
300
300
300
300
700
300
700
XBi
500
500
500
1100
500
500
500
1100
XAi
300
300
300
300
300
700
300
700
XBi
1100
500
1100
1100
1100
500
1100
1100
5-45
XAi
700
300
700
300
700
700
700
700
XBi
500
500
500
1100
500
500
500
1100
XAi
700
300
700
300
700
700
700
700
XBi
1100
500
1100
1100
1100
500
1100
1100
5-46
XAi+XBi Mean
800
800
800
800 1100
1400
800 1000
1200
800 1300
1800
XAi+XBi Mean
1400 1100
800
1400 1400
1400
1400 1300
1200
1400 1600
1800
5-47
XAi+XBi Mean
1200
1000
800
1200
1300
1400
1200
1200
1200
1200
1500
1800
XAi+XBi Mean
1800 1300
800
1800 1600
1400
1800 1500
1200
1800 1800
1800
5-48
5-49
5-50
5-51
2
XA X B
nA nB
2
A
2
B
40000 90,000
65,000
2
2
5-52
XA XB A B
A B
na nB
2
5-53
X
)
(
X
X
)
...
(
X
X
)
2
n
S2 1
n
(
X
X
)
(
X
X
)
...
(
X
X
)
1
2
n
S
n 1
2
2
2
E (S )
5-54
2
2
5-55
(2,3)
(2,6)
(2,8)
(2,11)
(3,2)
(3,3)
(3,6)
(3,8)
(3,11)
(6,2)
(6,3)
(6,6)
(6,8)
(6,11)
(8,2)
(8,3)
(8,6)
(8,8)
(8,11)
(11,2)
(11,3)
(11,6)
(11,8)
(11,11)
5-56
0.25
20.25
.25
2.25
6.25
16
2.25
6.25
6.25
2.25
6.25
2.25
20.25 16
5-57
5-58
X
Z
5-59
( n 1) S
2
2
n
2
( n 1) S
2
t n 1
S
n
5-60
S
n
Use in the same way as for normal
except use different Tables
= 0.05
n = 25, =tinv(0.05,24)= 2.0639
P( 2.0639
-2.06
2.06
X
2.0639 ) 1 0.05
S
n
5-61
Uses t -statistics
Will use for testing
means, sums, and differences of means
small samples when variable is normal
substitute sample variance in for true
X
X
Z
t n 1
s
n
n
5-62
Uses t -statistics
sums and differences of means
X 1 X 2 ( 1 2 )
N( 0,1)
2
2
1 2
n1 n 2
unknown variance
X 1 X 2 ( 1 2 )
t n n 2
2
2
n1 - 1 s1 n 2 - 1 s 2 n1 n 2
n1 n 2 - 2
n1 n 2
1
5-63
Uses 2 statistic
Inference on Variance
Large sample test
2
( n 1) S
2
2
5-64
F Statistic
Inferences
2df1/df1 =
2df2/df2
s
Fdf 1,df 2
s
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
( n1 1)s12
2
1
2
( n 2 1)s 2
2
( n1 1)
( n 2 1)
F Statistic
5-65
Other tests
groups of coefficients
5-66
Other Statistics
.
Medians
med
1.2533
2n
n
med
5-67
Frequency Distributions
If sample or population is large
difficult to compute statistics
(i.e. mean, variance, etc)
Organizing RAW DATA is useful
arrange into CLASSES or categories
determine number in each class
Class Frequency or Frequency Distribution
5-68
5-69
Number of
Fields
4
21
42
27
6
100
5-70
5-71
50-100
101-150
151-200
201-250
251-300
TOTAL
45
40
35
30
No. of Fields
Reserves
Number of
Fields
4
21
42
27
6
100
25
20
15
10
5
0
25
75
125
175
Reserves (mmb)
225
275
325
5-72
5-73
Percent Ogives
OGIVE for oil company portfolio of reservoirs
5-74
5-75
5-76
Frequency
2
5
11
21
33
41
53
42
38
31
34
% Weight
1.55
1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00
Frequency
28
14
22
18
15
4
2
2
3
1
TOTAL
420
5-77
Computation of Statistics
for Grouped Data
mean will then be:
fx
n
n
n fi f1 f2 ... fk
i i
fx
i i
1.40
420
5-78
fi ( x i x ) f1 ( x 1 x ) f2 ( x 2 x ) ... fk ( x k x )
5-79
x
)
S2 i i
n
2
2
2
2
(
1
.
00
1
.
40
)
5
(
1
.
05
1
.
40
)
....
1
(
2
.
00
1
.
40
)
2
S
420
2
S 0.0365
5-80
Computation of Statistics
for Grouped Data
Similar formula are available for higher moments:
mr
fi ( x i x )
n
f1 ( x1 x ) f2 ( x 2 x ) ... fk ( x k x )
n
r
fx
i i
5-81
Sum up Chapter 5
Population X
mean and variance - , 2
distribution
A Sample
statistic from sample
usually mean and variance X, ^s2
5-82
Sum up Chapter 5
Sample Statistics
X mean and variance x,
5-83
Sum Up Chapter 5
Samples Statistics
Mean X ~ , 2/n
Distribution
X
X
Z
t n 1
s
n
n
5-84
Sum Up Chapter 5
Samples Statistics
Proportions P ~ p, p(1-p)/n
n>30
Distribution
Pp
Z
pq
n
5-85
Sum Up Chapter 5
Samples Statistics
Differences and Sums
X1+/- X2 ~ 1 + 2, 12/n1 + 22/n2
Distribution
X 1 X 2 ( 1 2 )
N( 0,1)
2
2
1 2
n1 n 2
X 1 X 2 ( 1 2 )
t n n 2
2
2
n1 - 1 s1 n 2 - 1 s 2 n1 n 2
n1 n 2 - 2
n1 n 2
1
5-86
Sum Up Chapter 5
Samples Statistics
Variances
Distribution
n2 1
( n 1) S 2
Mean = n-1
Variance = 2(n-1)
5-87
Sum Up Chapter 5
Samples Statistics
Ratios of Variances
s
Fdf 1,df 2
s
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
5-88
Sum up Chapter 5
Other ways to organize samples
Frequency Distributions
Relative Frequency Distributions
Computation Statistics for Grouped Data
mean
variance
standard deviation
5-89
THANK YOU!!