Thermodynamic
In Chemistry
System
In Living
System
THERMODYNAMICS
Conclusion of Energy
All forms of energy can be
interconverted (at least in principle)
from one form to another
Thermodynamic Law
THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamic I is the law
of conservation of energy
Thermodynamic I
Thermodynamic II
Thermodynamic III
Work
Heat
System
Surroundings
Close
Isolated
Surrounding we
mean everything
else
Surrounding
system
System be open
Two of this examples are the
examples of open system:
1.e.g. in the living organism, which
takes up nutrients, releases the waste
products, and generates work and
heat.
2.An example in body, the body takes
up nutrient, and then release urine
which contains toxin, carbon dioxide,
and so on.
System be closed
Example of close system:
An example of close system is living
of an microorganism, it was sealed
inside a perfectly insulated box, it
will, together with the box, constitute
a closed system.
HEAT
q, to be the manner of energy transfer that
results from a temperature difference
between the system and its surrounding
Positive and negative
sign of heat
Heat input to a
system is
considered a
positive quantity
Heat evolved by a
system is
considered a
negative quantity.
WORK
w, to be the transfer of energy between the
system of interest and its surroundings as
a result of existence of unbalanced forces
between two.
ENERG
Y
Energy is a state function
It is a property that depends only upon the
state of the system, and not upon how the
system was brought to that state, or upon
the history of the system.
Thermodynamic I study
of conservation of energy
U = q + w
which is essentially a statement of the
law of conservation of energy.
Where :
1. The term U represents the change of internal
energy of the system,
2. q is the thermal energy (heat) added to the
system, and w is the work done on the
system.
The equation of E = hv
E = hv
E = KE + BE hv = KE + BE
in which :
* KE is the kinetic energy of the
ejected electron and
* BE is the binding energy of the
electron in the metal
En = R H
1
n2
Strength of Covalent
Bond
The Strength of Covalent Bond is
defined by the amount of energy
needed to break it.
A quantitative measure of stability of
a molecule is its bond dissociation
energy (or bond energy).
For example:
H2(g) H(g) + H(g)
H = 436.4 kJ
HCl(g) H9g) + Cl(g) H = 431.9 kJ
UNSATURATED :
and bonding.
bonding
(pi) bond
ENTHALPY
The enthalpy of a system, which has the
symbol H, is that of Heat content (heat of
reaction) and is measure of the change
in total bonding energy during a
reaction. It is defined mathematically as :
H = U + PV; H is a function of state
H = U + P V
HESSS LAW
The principle of constant heat
summation, often known as Hesss
Law, is thus seen to lead directly from
the fact that H is a function of state.
Hesss Law be valid for : r H or f H,
= all reactants and products are in
their standard states.
f = formation standard enthalpies of
formation
P = 1 atmosphere, and temperature
25C or 298.15K
r H = H prod H react
Example No. 1 :
Consider the following two chemical
equations.
1. C(s) + O2 (g)
CO (g)
r H (1) = -110.5 kJ
2. CO (g) + O2 (g)
CO2 (g)
r H (2) = -283.0 kJ
How many Joule r H (3) = .? For below
equation
C (s) + O2 (g)
CO2 (g)
r H (3) = ...?
Example No. 2 :
2 P(s) + 3 Cl2(g)
2 P(s) + 5 Cl2(g)
solution No. 2:
2 P(s) + 3 Cl2(g)
2 P(s) + 5 Cl2(g)
C. 124 kJ
D. + 124 kJ
E. 1527 kJ.
Spontaneous Changes
The process tends to occur or not
Two driving forces in nature
2. The tendency
1. The towards
for entropy to
minimization of energy
increase is
is one such directing
influence, but there is
natures
also a tendency for
second driving
material to become
force.
more physically
disorganized.
ENTROPY
The symbol of entropy = S
a thermodynamic function of state
REVERSIBLE PROCESS
CYCLIC PROCESSES
For a cyclic process, a process in
which the
final state is the same as the initial
state,
S = 0
Changes of entropy
with temperature
S = S2 S1 = CP ln T2/T1 (P
constant)
S = S2 S1 = CV ln T2/T1 (V
constant)
Absolute entropy
FREE ENERGY
G is function of state
Gibbs free energy, G,. It is a function
of state which provides possible or
not a change of any kind will tend to
occur.
The value of G
For a favorable reaction, G has a
negative value, meaning that
energy is released to the
surroundings Exergonic
For a unfavorable reaction, G has
a positive value, meaning that
energy is absorbed from the
surroundings Endergonic
REACTION AT CONSTANT
TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE
dG 0 (constant T and P)
The quantity G is called the Gibbs energy
Value of G in a system
at constant T and P
Thermodynamic
In Chemistry
System
In Living
System
G = H T S, become:
G = E T S
Structure of ATP
Structure of ATP
A. exergonic reaction
B. endergonic reaction
C. exothermic reaction
D. endothermic reaction
E. kinetic reaction
Pi + glucose
glucose-6-P + H2O
G0 = +13.8 (kJ.mol-1)
ATP + H2O
ADP + Pi
G0 = -30.5 (kJ.mol-1)
ATP + glucose
ADP + glucose-6-P
G0 = -16.7 (kJ.mol-1)
ATP + H2O
ADP + Pi
ATP + H2O
AMP + PPi
For examples: next slide
G0 = - 30.5 (kJ.mol-1)
ATP + glucose
ADP +glucose-6-P
G0 = -16.7 (kJ.mol-1) Exergonic
Contracted muscle +
ADP + Pi
2. ADP + phosphocreatinine
ATP + creatine
THERMODYNAMICS OF LIVE
1. Living organism are open system and
therefore can never be at equilibrium.
2. The free energy from this process is
used to do work and to produce the high
degree of organization characteristic of
life.
3. Living system must maintain a
nonequilibrium state for several reasons.
For example: the ATP-generating
consumption of glucose.
Continuation:
With fever, the balance is shifted to
increase the core temperature.
Hyperthermia:
Is an elevation of body temperature above
the hypothalamic set point due to
insufficient heat dissipation (e.g. in
association with exercise perspirationinhibiting drugs, or a hot environment)
the topic in Lab activity (salicylat
poisoning)
Summary References:
1. Warn, J.R.W., 1999, Concise Chemical
Thermodynamics, Second Edition,
Stanley Thornes Ltd., United Kingdom.
2. McQuarrie, D.A., Simon, J.D., 1997,
Physical Chemistry a Molecular
Approach, University Science Books,
Sausalito.